译词 | 64个跨文化核心词（含中英释义）
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指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人之间进行的交际。
communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event
是习得的一套关于信仰、价值观和规范的公认的解释，这些信仰、价值观和规范对相当大的人类群体的行为产生影响。
a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people
指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。
one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group
具有能在更大的社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人特点的人类群体所形成的文化。
be formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture
与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。
a group with the dominant culture that does not agree and with which it has communication problems
社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。
socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior
指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。
culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty
社会文化适应
enculturation
人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。
the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society
人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。
an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture
在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化。
maintaining one’s original culture and not participating in the new culture.
在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。
taking place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture
人们放弃原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化。
the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture, they lose their previous culture
人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系。
losing one’s cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society
人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。
the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture
指具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人。
the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate
指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。
the process of putting an idea into a symbol
是交流的内容、编码的结果。
是信息传递的手段。
指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情。
信息接收者在积极参与交流的过程中对所接收到的符号信息赋予意义的过程。
指信息接收者的反应被信息源所了解的那一部分反应。
交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。
指少数人之间的交往，他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them
指同一文化内某成员之间的交际。
指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正式和仪式化。
指同一种族、不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。
communication between people of the same race, but different ethnic backgrounds
指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。
occuring when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics
指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程。
the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country
指我们持有的对宇宙、神、人本质及自然的最根本的看法。
the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God, the nature of humanity and nature
对超自然力量宇宙创造者和控制者权力的相信与崇敬。
belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe
个人利益胜于集体利益（集体主义collectivism）。
是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。
dealing with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth
组织或机构里，没有权力的成员对于权力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。
人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent
交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，只有少量的信息蕴含在隐性的环境和情景中。
在人们交际时，有较多的信息量蕴含在社会文化环境和情景中，明显的语码负载较少的信息量。
在新环境下人们不知如何应对，过多关注自己的情绪，不能全身心投入到交际中。
occuring because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction
针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或反面的判断。
negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership
偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。
the irrational dislike, suspicion,or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation
把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信仰或态度。
racism isany policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race
语言结构控制思维和文化。
that language structure controls thought and cultural norms
文化由语言来决定，同时也决定语言。
holding that culture is controlled by and controls language
当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时，言语交际就发生了。
happening when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language
在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。
some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain for religious or social reasons
指用温和、间接的方式来代替严厉、生硬的或冒犯的言语。
the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive
（狭义）运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。
（广义）人们交际时运用的环境因素。
与口语交际有关，指说的速度、音高和质量等要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.
the rate, pitch and volume qualities of the voice, which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message
指研究人们如何看待和使用时间。
the study of how people perceive and use time
指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通，包括地盘性和个人空间。
the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space
研究目光传递的交流信息。
the study of communications sent by the eyes
对通过味道进行交流的研究。
the study of communication via smell
通过身体接触来进行交流。
communicating through the use of bodily context
指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情、手势、姿势和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举止。
communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions, gestures, posture and stance, and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.
指影响你的情绪、情感和对他人印象的颜色的研究。
the study of color use in affecting people’s mood, emotions, and impression of others
在社会或商务往来中被认为可接受的行为举止。
manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situation
指的是以一种适合交际发生场景的方式来完成一定的有回报目标的有效交际。
as interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfilling certain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs
指理解和适应目标文化的能力，指对文化多样性的敏感性，也就是根据具体的交际环境选择恰当的得体行为调整交际与交往的能力。
the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture; in another word, it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity, i.e., the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context
认知能力、情感能力、行为能力，事实上他们是密不可分的。
involving cognition affect and behavior, which are inseparable in reality
指的是思维的理解力和理解各种言语和非言语交际的能力。
the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meaning of various verbal and nonverbal codes
与来自其他文化的人交际时所经历的情感状态
the emotional or affective states that you experience when communicating with someone from a different culture
指引如何进行特定的跨文化交际。
what guide your choices in a particular intercultural interaction
指交际的适当而有效的行为表现。
the actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as appropriate and effective
能够以他人的观点看待和感受事情。
being able to see and feel things from other people’s points of view
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