论文快递：第一百二十期
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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百二十期，将介绍Urban Studies Current Issue的5篇论文。主题涵盖粮食安全性，绅士化的种族构成和路径，城市等级制度下的城市化与生活满意度，居住隔离和街区边界感知，街区协会的代表性等，欢迎阅读。
01
Single mothers coping with food insecurity in a Nairobi slum
在内罗毕贫民窟应对粮食不安全的单身母亲
Abstract
Urban studies scholars have approached the issue mainly from the perspective of food deserts. We adapt Sen’s ‘resource bundles’ and Watts and Bohles’s ‘space of vulnerability’ concepts to examine food insecurity as a function of both tangible and intangible resources. Moreover, we also interrogate the role of kin in strengthening safety nets for the urban poor. Drawing on a data set of 462 single mothers in a slum in Nairobi, Kenya, we find that (1) bundles comes in four types; (2) bundles with high levels of all resources buffer against food insecurity as do (3) bundles weighted with high levels of wealth and social standing; and (4) kin enhance the protective effect of bundles only for two types. These findings should direct urban poverty researchers to consider the compounding effect of resources in the reproduction of poverty and social inequality and encourage policy makers to focus on both vulnerability and resilience in designing interventions to ensure food security.
Keywords development, kinship, food security, inequality, poverty/exclusion
关键词发展, 亲属关系, 粮食安全, 不平等, 贫困/排斥
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020963849
02
Racial composition and trajectories of gentrification in the United States
美国绅士化的种族构成和路径
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that middle-income Americans are more likely to move to predominately white, low-income neighbourhoods than predominately black or Latino neighbourhoods. Given that black and Latino neighbourhoods are, on average, lower income and higher in poverty than low-income, white neighbourhoods, it may be that gentrification in these neighbourhoods is a different kind of change than that occurring in predominately white neighbourhoods. Using Census data from 1970 to 2010 for 275 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, I find that racial composition influences not only whether gentrification occurs, but how it occurs and whether it influences racial demographics. Majority white gentrifying tracts were more likely to experience an increase in higher-income residents and white residents, while majority non-white gentrifying tracts experienced an increase in higher-educated but not higher-income residents, and an increase in white residents and decrease in black and Latino residents. Racial composition thus contributed to the kind of gentrification that a tract experienced and the extent to which gentrification produced racial change. These findings suggest that race affects not only where gentrification occurs, as previously established, but also the kind of class and racial changes a neighbourhood experiences. Ultimately, this article suggests that gentrification neither unfolds in one way nor affects all neighbourhoods the same way.
摘要 以往的研究表明，与黑人或拉丁裔为主的街区相比，中等收入的美国人更有可能搬到以白人为主的低收入街区。鉴于黑人和拉丁裔街区的平均收入低于低收入白人街区，贫困程度则高于低收入白人街区，这些街区的绅士化可能与以白人为主的街区发生的变化不同。我使用1970年至2010年275个大都市统计区的人口普查数据，发现种族构成不仅影响到绅士化是否发生，还影响绅士化发生的具体过程以及其是否影响街区的种族构成。大多数经历绅士化的白人地区更有可能增加高收入居民和白人居民，而大多数经历绅士化的、非白人地区则会增加受教育程度较高但收入并不高的居民和白人居民，并减少黑人和拉丁裔居民。因此，种族构成会影响一个地区绅士化的具体过程，以及这种绅士化所导致的种族变化的程度。这些研究结果表明，种族不仅会像之前已确定的一样影响绅士化在何处发生，还会影响一个街区经历的阶级和种族变化。最后本文指出，绅士化不止一种形式，其对不同街区的影响也各不相同。
Keywords demographics, displacement/gentrification, race/ethnicity
关键词 人口统计, 驱逐/绅士化, 种族/族裔
原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020963853
03
Not too close, not too far: Urbanisation and life satisfaction along the urban hierarchy
不太近也不太远：城市等级制度下的城市化与生活满意度
Abstract
Empirical evidence on the effect of urbanisation on individual self-reported well-being generally points to a negative effect of urbanisation and city size, at least in most developed economies. This article aims to re-assess this conclusion by claiming that this approach overlooks the fact that a city’s positive externalities may expand well beyond the urban boundaries, as postulated in urban economics theory. Based on survey data on self-reported life satisfaction derived from different waves of Eurobarometer surveys in the period 2005–2010 covering 21 European Union member countries, the article empirically verifies the existence of a positive association between urbanisation and individual well-being, depending on the proximity to settings of higher rank in the urban hierarchy. In particular, it shows that the higher the distance from a city larger than the one of residence of the respondent, the lower the probability of being satisfied with life.
摘要 关于城市化对个人自我报告的幸福感影响的经验证据普遍指出，至少在大多数发达经济体中，城市化和城市规模的影响是负面的。本文旨在重新评估这一结论，我们主张，这种方法忽视了一个事实，即一个城市的正外部性可能远远超出城市经济学理论所假定的城市边界。基于2005-2010年期间涵盖21个欧盟成员国的、不同波次的欧洲晴雨表 (Eurobarometer) 调查所得出的自我报告生活满意度调查数据，本文实证验证了城市化与个人幸福感之间存在正相关关系，但这取决于是否接近城市等级中较高等级的环境。特别是，研究结果表明，受访者所居住的城市离更大的城市越远，其对生活满意的概率越低。
Keywords agglomeration, borrowed size, cohesion, development, diversity, life satisfaction, segregation, urbanisation
关键词
集聚, 规模借用, 凝聚力, 发展, 多样性, 生活满意度, 隔离, 城市化
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020962397
04
Activity locations, residential segregation and the significance of residential neighbourhood boundary perceptions
活动地点、居住隔离和街区边界感知的重要性
Abstract
The inadequacies of residential census geography in capturing urban residents’ routine exposures have motivated efforts to more directly measure residents’ activity spaces. In turn, insights regarding urban activity patterns have been used to motivate alternative residential neighbourhood measurement strategies incorporating dimensions of activity space in the form of egocentric neighbourhoods – measurement approaches that place individuals at the centre of their own residential neighbourhood units. Unexamined, however, is the extent to which the boundaries of residents’ own self-defined residential neighbourhoods compare with census-based and egocentric neighbourhood measurement approaches in aligning with residents’ routine activity locations. We first assess this question, examining whether the boundaries of residents’ self-defined residential neighbourhoods are in closer proximity to the coordinates of a range of activity location types than are the boundaries of their census and egocentric residential neighbourhood measurement approaches. We find little evidence that egocentric or, crucially, self-defined residential neighbourhoods better align with activity locations, suggesting a division in residents’ activity locations and conceptions of their residential neighbourhoods. We then examine opposing hypotheses about how self-defined residential neighbourhoods and census tracts compare in socioeconomic and racial composition. Overall, our findings suggest that residents bound less segregated neighbourhoods than those produced by census geography, but self-defined residential neighbourhoods still reflect a preference towards homophily when considering areas beyond the immediate environment of their residence. These findings underscore the significance of individuals’ conceptions of residential neighbourhoods to understanding and measuring urban social processes such as residential segregation and social disorganisation.
摘要住宅普查地理在捕捉城市居民日常接触方面的不足促使人们努力更直接地测量居民的活动空间。反过来，关于城市活动模式的见解已被用来激励替代性街区测量策略，这些策略以“自我中心型街区”的形式纳入了活动空间的维度。自我中心型街区是将个人置于其街区中心的测量方法。然而，此前未被研究的是，在与居民的日常活动地点保持一致方面，居民自定义的街区边界与基于人口普查和自我中心型街区测量方法的街区边界之间的比较。我们首先评估这个问题，研究居民自定义的街区边界（与其人口普查和自我中心型街区测量方法的边界相比）是否更接近一系列活动地点类型的坐标。我们发现很少有证据表明自我中心型街区（或者，更关键的是，自定义街区）更好地与活动地点相一致，这表明居民的活动地点和他们的街区的概念有所不同。然后，我们研究了关于自定义街区和人口普查区在社会经济和种族构成方面的比较的、相互对立的假设。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，居民自定义的街区的隔离程度比人口普查地理产生的隔离程度要低，但在考虑居住地最邻近的环境以外的地区的情况下，自定义街区仍然反映出对同质性的偏好。这些发现凸显了个人对居住街区的概念对于理解和衡量城市社会过程（如居住隔离和社会解体）的重要性。
Keywordsactivity space, ecometrics, neighbourhood perceptions, residential segregation
关键词
活动空间, 生态测量, 街区感知, 居住隔离
05
The representativeness of neighbourhood associations in Toronto and Vancouver
多伦多和温哥华街区协会的代表性
Abstract
Neighbourhood associations are major players in urban politics throughout North American cities and increasingly are becoming a political force in other parts of the world. However, while there is a rich and well-developed literature on the role played by neighbourhood associations in urban politics, few studies examine whether their membership reflects the socio-demographic composition and interests of the broader public. This paper addresses this gap in the literature using survey data from voters conducted during the Vancouver and Toronto 2018 municipal elections. We compare the responses of participants who identify as members of neighbourhood associations (or their equivalents) with those of the broader voting public. We find that members of neighbourhood associations in both cities are not representative of the broader population. They are more likely to be white, older and have higher education than the average voter. In addition, while the ideology of neighbourhood association members differs little from that of the broader public, their policy priorities are different from those of the majority of voters in both cities. Our findings suggest that neighbourhood associations fail in providing descriptive representation and may not offer substantive representation. These findings raise important questions about the role of neighbourhood associations in local governance. Our study also demonstrates the merit of using individual-level surveys to learn more about the composition and policy preferences of neighbourhood associations.
摘要
街区协会是北美城市政治的重要参与者，在世界其他地区，其也日益成为一股政治力量。然而，尽管有大量关于街区协会在城市政治中的作用的文献，但很少有文献研究其成员构成是否反映了更广泛公众的社会人口构成和利益。本文利用2018年温哥华和多伦多市政选举期间的选民调查数据，填补了文献中的这一空白。我们比较了那些表明自己是街区协会（或类似组织）成员的参与者与更广泛的选民的反应。我们发现，这两个城市的街区协会成员并不代表更广泛的人口。他们比普通选民更有可能是白人、年龄更大、受教育程度更高。此外，尽管街区协会成员的意识形态与广大公众的意识形态差别不大，但他们的政策偏好与这两个城市的大多数选民不同。我们的研究结果表明，街区协会未能提供描述性代表性，并且可能无法提供实质性代表性。这些发现针对街区协会在地方治理中的作用提出了重要问题。我们的研究还证明了使用个人层面的调查来更多地了解街区协会的组成和政策偏好的好处。
Keywordsneighbourhood associations, neighbourhood organisations, policy priorities, representation, urban politics
关键词街区协会, 街区组织, 政策偏好, 代表性, 城市政治
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020964439
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