论文快递：第一百三十六期
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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百三十六期，将介绍Urban Studies Special Issue的5篇论文。主题包括拉丁美洲的智慧城市，台北智慧都市主义的地方化，圣地亚哥的智慧城市叙事，加拿大乡村智慧城市的实施，旅游指南、城市空间想象与LGBTQ+行动主义，欢迎阅读。
01
Latin American smart cities: Between worlding infatuation and crawling provincialising
拉丁美洲的智慧城市：在世界化迷恋和地方化尝试之间
Abstract
Smart city initiatives in Latin America aim to harness information and communication technologies to make urban service provision and management more efficient, transparent and user-friendly. Latin American cities have been relatively slow to adopt such initiatives, but there is inter- and intra-urban variety in the region. We offer illustrative vignettes of Rio de Janeiro, Santiago and Medellín, which have experimented with different formats for smart city programme design, implementation and management. While top-down and flashier smart city projects in these cities reflect worlding aspirations on the part of urban elites, mixed and bottom-up approaches serve to provincialise and often informalise the initiatives in manners that destabilise elitism and more equitably distribute costs and benefits. One of the biggest challenges these cities share in developing smarter initiatives is inequality, given that most interventions are located in or benefit higher-income areas and actors. As instruments to provincialise the discourses and practices of smart cityness in the region, we propose that cities adopt the ‘6-Es smart cities framework’ (efficiency, economy, ecology, equity, education and engagement) and mobilise public–private–people partnerships within city plans and implementation processes.
Keywords Latin American cities, Medellín, provincialising, public–private–people partnerships, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, smart cities, smart cities framework, worlding
关键词丁美洲城市, 麦德林, 本地化, 公私伙伴关系, 里约热内卢, 圣地亚哥, 智慧城市, 智慧城市框架, 世界化
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020945201
02
Provincialising smart urbanism in Taipei: The smart city as a strategy for urban regime transition
台北智慧都市主义的地方化：智慧城市作为城市体制转型的策略
Abstract
The appeal of revolutionising urban governance through information technologies has prompted cities across the globe to pursue smart city initiatives. The mainstream scholarship on these initiatives has mostly focused on technology and corporate-led urban development, and it also often privileges the experience of cities in the global North. Nevertheless, this mainstream understanding of the smart city may obscure emerging new power dynamics and locally contextualised processes associated with smart urban development, especially in cities at the global periphery. Inspired by post-colonial theories, this article makes the case for ‘provincialising’ smart urbanism by dislodging technology from the centre of analysis, accentuating perspectives of cities outside the locations where the smart city knowledge is traditionally produced and attending to power relationships. In our case study of Taipei, this provincialising approach helps unveil various logics, intentionalities, assemblages and power dynamics through which the smart city is employed as a political strategy to facilitate urban regime transition. We argue that the current non-affiliated Ko administration exploits the veneer of technological superiority and political neutrality of its smart city agenda to set a new growth agenda, form new development coalitions, establish new institutions and incorporate rising populist momentum into policy-making. Focusing on the politics of being smart, our findings illustrate how smart city experiments reshape power dynamics and regime formation through reorganising actors and interest groups, reconfiguring government institutions, reallocating resource distribution and, in the end, bolstering governing legitimacy.
摘要
通过信息技术变革城市治理的吸引力促使全球各地的城市开展智慧城市计划。关于这些计划的主流学术研究主要集中在技术和企业主导的城市开发上，而且通常优先考虑全球北方城市的经验。然而，这种对智慧城市的主流认识可能会掩盖新出现的权力动态、以及与智慧城市开发相关的本地处境化过程，尤其是在全球边缘城市的这一过程。受后殖民理论的启发，本文不将技术作为分析的核心因素，而是强调传统上的智慧城市知识生产地点之外的城市的视角，并关注权力关系，从而为智慧城市的“地方化”辩护。在我们对台北的案例研究中，这种地方化的方法帮助我们揭示各种逻辑、刻意性、集合和权力动态，通过这些逻辑、刻意性、集合和权力动态，智慧城市被用作一种政治策略来促进城市体制的转变。我们认为，当前由无党籍的柯文哲领导的台北市政府利用其智慧城市议程的技术优势和政治中立的表象制定新的增长议程，形成新的发展联盟，建立新的机构，并将日益高涨的民粹主义势头纳入政策制定过程。我们的发现聚焦于智慧城市的政治方面，说明智慧城市实验如何通过重组行为者和利益集团、重新配置政府机构、重新分配资源以及最终增强治理合法性来重塑权力动态和体制结构。
Keywords provincialising, smart city, Taipei, urban regime transition
关键词 地方化, 智慧城市, 台北, 城市体制转型
原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020947908
03
Placebo urban interventions: Observing Smart City narratives in Santiago de Chile
干预作为城市安慰剂：观察智利圣地亚哥的智慧城市叙事
Abstract
The implementation of the Smart City (SC) model in Santiago, Chile has not heralded any significant interventions in terms of scale, urban impact, amount invested, technological innovation or architectural design. Instead, material interventions have been small and have had little more than a superficial impact upon the perceptions of citizens. The significance of observing ‘Smart’ interventions in Santiago involves analysing their implementation under a provincialising lens in order to observe the way local experience transforms monist ways of thinking about SCs. Based on ethnographic observation of an SC intervention (in Paseo Bandera, Santiago de Chile), four principles of intervention were identified: democratisation of the city, spatial appropriation by citizens, social and technological innovation and local and territorialised interventions. These principles help to identify the intervention as an urban placebo, which the article argues works through the fictions of effective interventions and urban image improvement that seek to participate in worlding practices whilst, in reality, very little is being improved or effectively addressed in the city. Paseo Bandera SC intervention presents a narrative of modern, sustainable and technologically advanced urban planning in the form of specific material interventions, when in fact it involves very little modernity, sustainability or technology, and is little more than a continuation and evolution of the neoliberal urban model that exists in Chile.
摘要 智慧城市模式在智利圣地亚哥的实施，在规模、城市影响、投资额、技术创新或建筑设计方面并未带来任何重大干预。相反，物质干预一直很小，对市民的感知只产生了表面的影响。在圣地亚哥观察“智慧”干预措施的意义在于，从一个地方性的视角分析它们的实施情况，以观察当地经验如何改变看待智慧城市的一元论思维方式。基于对智利圣地亚哥的帕索班德拉 (Paseo Bandera) 的一个智慧城市干预的人种学观察，我们确定了四项干预原则：城市民主化、市民对空间的占有、社会和技术创新以及当地和属地干预。这些原则有助于明确干预作为城市安慰剂的功能。本文认为，这种做法通过虚构有效干预和城市形象改善（从而寻求参与世界实践）发挥作用，但在现实中，改善乏善可陈、城市问题也没有得到有效解决。帕索班德拉的智慧城市干预呈现了一个现代、可持续和技术先进的城市规划的叙事，其以具体的物质干预为表现形式，但在事实上几乎不涉及现代性、可持续性或高科技，只不过是智利现有的新自由主义城市模式的延续和演变。
Keywords planning, public space, smart cities, social justice, technology, theory, urban knowledge
关键词
规划, 公共空间, 智慧城市, 社会正义, 高科技, 理论, 城市知识
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020943426
04
The frontier of digital opportunity: Smart city implementation in small, rural and remote communities in Canada
数字机遇的前沿：智慧城市在加拿大小型乡村和偏远社区的实施
Abstract
Studies of ‘smart cities’ in Canada primarily focus on large cities but not small, rural and remote communities. As a result, we have a limited understanding of the incentive structures for smaller, remote and rural communities to pursue smart city development. This knowledge deficit is concerning, since the introduction of technology can hold a number of unique benefits for these communities, including easier connections to the rest of Canada and large urban centres, reputation building, improved service delivery and enhanced opportunities for residents. Drawing upon localised forms of knowledge creation, policy development theories, adoption and local competition literature and primary interviews with private and public officials, we examine the challenges and opportunities of ‘smart city’ implementation through case studies of small and rural municipalities in Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia and a remote community, Iqaluit, Nunavut. We find that collaboration is essential for rural and remote pursuit of smart city development and is necessary to counteract the limitations of capacity, scale and digital divides. Challenges aside, however, the primary rationale for adoption of smart city technology remains the same regardless of size: enhanced quality of life for residents and sustained community health.
KeywordsAnnapolis Valley, Canada, Iqaluit, rural, smart city
关键词
安纳波利斯谷, 加拿大, 伊卡利特, 乡村, 智慧城市
05
Travel guides, urban spatial imaginaries and LGBTQ+ activism: The case of Damron guides
旅游指南、城市空间想象与LGBTQ+行动主义：以Damron guides为例
Abstract
In this paper we focus on LGBTQ+ travel guides and the creation of a North American LGBTQ+ urban imaginary as forms and facilitators of activism. Specifically, we consider one of the few continuously published sources detailing such an imaginary in the mid-20th century and its construction of an ‘epistemological grid’ onto which entries were placed. We briefly situate the guides in the context of an emerging (and frequently politicised) mid-20th-century LGBTQ+ media ecosystem, then proceed to a detailed analysis of the imaginary they evoke. Cities are the guides’ assumed building-blocks, along with certain other ontologies, most notably bars, sex establishments and other meeting places (though these change over time). As aggregators of information at a national scale, the guides standardised and communicated particular notions of what LGBTQ+ space was (and is). At the same time, as way-finding tools they helped readers navigate actual communities at the local scale. In so doing, we argue, Damron guides helped shape early forms of LGBTQ+ identity and community in North America – including the establishment of ‘gaybourhoods’. We therefore interpret the guides as both activist and facilitators of activism. They claimed space at an abstract level while simultaneously facilitating place-making, territorialisation and simple survival strategies by actual people on the ground. Our analysis contributes to understandings of the relationship, over time and at multiple scales, between travel guides, an urban-based North American spatial imaginary and LGBTQ+ activism. It also highlights Damron guides’ potential as a rich source of data.
在本文中，我们将重点关注LGBTQ+旅行指南和北美LGBTQ+城市形象的创建，将其作为行动主义的形式和促进者。具体来说，我们研究少数几个连续出版的资料来源之一，这个资料详细描述了20世纪中期的这种影像，以及它构建的一个可在其上放置条目的“认识论网格”。我们简要地将这些指南放在20世纪中期新兴的（经常被政治化的）LGBTQ+媒体生态系统的背景下，然后对它们所唤起的影像进行详细的分析。城市是指南的假定构件，还有其他一些本体，最显著的是酒吧、性场所和其他聚会场所（尽管这些会随着时间而改变）。作为全国范围内的信息聚合者，这些指南标准化并传达了LGBTQ+空间的特定概念。同时，作为寻路工具，它们帮助读者在当地范围内导航实际社区。我们认为，这使得达伦指南帮助塑造了北美早期形式的同性恋、双性恋、变性者和跨性别者身份和社区——包括建立“同性恋社区”。因此，我们将指南解读为行动主义的和促进行动主义的。它们在一个抽象的层次上构成了空间宣示，同时促进了当地实际居民的空间创造、地域化和简单的生存策略。我们的分析有助于理解旅行指南（一种基于城市的北美空间影像）和LGBTQ+行动主义之间在长期中和不同规模上的关系。它还强调了达伦指南作为丰富数据来源的潜力。
Keywordscommunity, diversity/cohesion/segregation, gender, politics, queer, sexuality, social
关键词社区, 多样性/凝聚力/隔离, 性别, 政治, 同性恋, 性, 社会
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020913457
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