论文快递：第一百四十八期
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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百四十八期，将介绍Urban Studies Current Issue的五篇论文。主题包括巴西的城市研究的争论，邻里选择和匹配，绅士化、酷儿空间和激进主义，廉租房市场和绅士化，步行空间和步行形式，欢迎阅读。
01
On urban studies in Brazil: The favela, uneven urbanisation and beyond
关于巴西的城市研究：贫民窟、（超越）不均衡的城市化
Abstract
This essay discusses some key ideas and debates about urban studies in Brazil, considered historiographically, from the mid-1900s to the present. It presents the main components and particularities of what emerges as the Brazilian matrix of urban studies, interrogating the most influential work in the field with the country’s own experiences of industrialisation and urbanisation. It discusses some key urban debates of the 21st century, namely new planning models associated with globalisation, global mega-events, public–private partnerships, inner-city gentrification, housing and city financialisation, rising forms of urban warfare and social control in slums (favelas), and new activisms and urban insurgencies. Through this analysis, we point to contradictions and tensions in relation to European and North American urban theory, calling for the need to formulate new categories and hypotheses to better understand the unequal and extreme processes resulting from violent expansion of capitalist relations over the entire planet, and comment on the new practices and forms of social mobilisation emerging from turbulent contexts.
Keywords Brazil, favelas, Global South, Latin America, slums, spatial theory, urban studies
关键词巴西, 贫民窟 (favelas), 全球南方, 拉丁美洲, 贫民窟, 空间理论, 城市研究
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021993360
02
Neighbourhood selection and neighbourhood matching: Choices, outcomes and social distance
邻里选择和邻里匹配：选择、结果和社会距离
Abstract
In this article, we ask how well Australian households are matched to their neighbourhood social environments. We broadly replicate a previous study of matching and ask to what extent households live in communities that are similar in socio-economic status to their characteristics. And, when households move, do they relocate in such a way as to increase similarity to their neighbours? The processes are at the heart of understanding the urban structure, how it changes over time and the links to urban inequality. The article uses data on household incomes from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamic (HILDA) Survey to measure the degree of similarity between households and their neighbours. We study the variation in matching for the population as a whole, and by quintiles of median neighbourhood income. We also measure how individuals that change neighbourhoods increase their similarity to the destination neighbourhood. We find that with respect to matching there is considerable diversity in the levels of matching; and that with respect to residential change, households in general do not make major shifts to increase matching when we control for housing tenure and other household characteristics. There is a need for further replications to understand the nature of matching and the outcomes.
摘要
在本文中，我们研究澳大利亚家庭与街区社会环境的匹配程度。我们广泛再现了一项此前的匹配研究，并探寻家庭在多大程度上生活在社会经济地位与其自身特征相似的社区中。以及，当家庭搬迁时，其搬迁是否会提高这种与邻居的相似度？这些过程是理解城市结构、此等结构如何随时间变化、以及其与城市不平等的联系的核心。本文使用来自家庭、收入和劳动力动态 (HILDA) 调查的家庭收入数据来衡量家庭与其邻居之间的相似程度。我们研究了整体人口匹配的变化，并按街区收入中位数的五级分别进行了匹配研究。我们还衡量了搬迁到新街区的个人如何提高其与目标街区的相似性。我们发现，在匹配方面，匹配水平存在相当大的差异性；而在居住变化方面，在剔除住房产权形式等家庭特征后，一般家庭不会为了提高匹配度而进行大的转变。需要进一步再现以了解匹配的性质和结果。
Keywords community, demographics, housing, migration, neighbourhood
关键词
社区, 人口统计, 住房, 迁移, 街区
原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211044029
03
‘Where the state freaks out’: Gentrification, Queerspaces and activism in postwar Beirut
“国家惊慌的地方”：战后贝鲁特的绅士化、酷儿空间和激进主义
Abstract
In this article I illuminate the production and erasure of Queerspaces in Beirut as part of postwar gentrification. A dual Beirut has emerged within assemblages of sectarian power, sexual citizenship and political economy. Commercial Queerspaces tacitly incorporated into the neoliberal and sectarian state exist while the ‘Queer unwanted’– spaces and people deemed transgressive to the moral order – are violently erased by state and non-state actors. These dual spaces expose the limits on life for Queer communities. To analyse these dynamics, I turn to the testimonies of LGBTQ activists in Beirut in relation to the possibilities offered by Queerspace. While activists note the exclusions – class, gender and sexuality – of commercial Queerspace that restrain political agency, they have powerfully asserted radical intersectional politics into recent revolutionary anti-sectarian waves of protest. This politics is marked by articulating Queerness as a project of connecting marginality for all excluded groups in Lebanon’s postwar order and by a queering of sectarian/neoliberal space that has hitherto cleansed undesirable LGBTQ bodies. This article draws on extensive fieldwork in Beirut (2011 to 2020), thus permitting longitudinal research of LGBTQ activism.
Keywords community, displacement, gender, gentrification, public space, queer, social movement
关键词
社区, 驱逐, 性别, 绅士化, 公共空间, 酷儿, 社会运动
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021993697
04
The Zinshaus market and gentrification dynamics: The transformation of the historic housing stock in Vienna, 2007–2019
廉租房市场和绅士化的动态演绎：2007-2019 年维也纳历史住房存量的转变
Abstract
This article intends to contribute to the debate on the quantification of gentrification, which is constrained by two main obstacles: firstly, the operationalisation of displacement of socially weak households, which appears as an elusive phenomenon. Secondly, the consideration of the specific urban context, in particular the regulation of the housing market. Based on a case study for Vienna, this paper introduces a new empirical approach, which does not focus on households, but on the tenement conversion of the historic housing stock. Here, the transformation as legal conversion and demolition of historic tenement houses (German: Zinshäuser) serve as an alternative indicator for the operationalisation and quantification of displacement processes. The empirical analysis of Zinshaus transformations observed for 2007-2019 for the first time provides an estimation of gentrification dynamics in Vienna. Results point to a pronounced cyclicality in transformation dynamics. Hence, spatial cluster and hotspot analyses reveal a strong concentration of Zinshaus transformations and a clear shift from central bourgeois to peripheral working-class neighbourhoods. Further, a multilinear regression model confirms the impact of Zinshaus transformations on the social dynamics in these neighbourhoods. However, data do not indicate a social shift triggered by upper-class households, but by new migrant groups and well-educated middle-class households. Beyond the case of Vienna, this analysis underlines the relevance of quantitative gentrification approaches based on housing-market segments and their conversion. It proposes applying the Zinshaus as an indicator to make the variety of the urban context visible.
Keywordsbuilt environment, displacement, gentrification, housing, real estate, Vienna, Zinshaus
关键词
建筑环境, 驱逐, 绅士化, 住房, 房地产, 维也纳, 廉租房 (Zinshaus)
05
A rhythmanalysis approach to understanding the vending-walking forms and everyday use of urban street space in Yuncheng, China
通过节奏分析法理解中国运城的街头小贩布局和日常的步行空间使用
Abstract
In Chinese cities, informal street vendors often appear in a transient space intertwined with a large number of pedestrians and heterogeneity, in contrast with the dichotomous construction of static built environment and dynamic street activity examined in most studies on walkability. This paper explores the rhythm of everyday street spaces and the temporary experiences of pedestrians and street vendors in Yuncheng, China. The author argues that street vendors are particularly well suited for capturing city rhythms and can discern the tempo of social life and pedestrians in urban street spaces. Following Lefebvre’s rhythmanalysis approach and drawing on 86 semi-structured interviews combined with on-site observation in three street spaces, this paper investigates how rhythms are linked to spatial form, time and the everyday street activity of walking and vending. It expands an analytical framework in both daily rhythms and long-standing rhythms, including arrhythmia, eurhythmia and polyrhythmia. The conclusions provide an alternative way of understanding why pedestrians emerge, through considering how street vendors temporarily meet the everyday needs of different pedestrians in specific, real and detailed ways. Such fine-grained narratives, in turn, demonstrate the need to advance theoretical and empirical understandings of multiple rhythms in relation to walkable space and walking forms.
在中国城市，非正规街头小贩经常出没于交通枢纽，这些地点有大量行人，表现出异质性，这与大多数步行性研究中考察的静态建筑环境和动态街头活动的二分法结构形成鲜明对比。本文探讨了中国运城日常街头空间的节奏以及行人和街头小贩的即时体验。作者认为，街头小贩特别适合捕捉城市节奏，能够辨别城市街头空间中社会生活和行人的节奏。本文遵循列斐伏尔 (Lefebvre) 的节奏分析方法，结合86次半结构化访谈以及对三个街头空间的现场观察，研究了节奏与空间形式、时间以及日常的步行和贩卖等街头活动之间的关系。本文扩展了日常节奏和长期节奏的分析框架，包括失常节奏、正常节奏和复合节奏。通过考虑街头小贩如何以具体、真实和详细的方式即时满足不同行人的日常需求，本文的结论为理解行人的出现提供了另一种方式。这种细粒度的叙事反过来证明，需要推进与步行空间和步行形式相关的多重节奏的理论和实证理解。
Keywordseveryday life, informality, rhythm, street vending, temporality, urban space, walking
关键词日常生活, 非正规性, 节奏, 街头贩卖, 即时性, 城市空间, 步行
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021997044
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