论文快递: 第一百八十四期
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The following article is from 城市研究速递 Author Urban Studies
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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百八十四期，将介绍Urban Studies Online First的两篇和Current Issue的三篇论文。主题包括城市供水的正规和非正规性，城市热岛的政治生态，包容性的经济复原力，全球南方/北方城市的比较分析，城市边界与供水和污水处理，欢迎阅读。
01
Demystifying piped water supply: Formality and informality in (peri)urban water provisioning
揭开管道供水的神秘面纱：城市供水的正规和非正规性
AbstractWater utilities have favoured the modern ideal of piped networks and infrastructure that is reproduced in policies and discourses about achieving ambitious water targets. In this article, using ethnographic insights from an urbanising village of New Delhi called Rawta, we build on work that challenges the myth of formal water as ‘piped’ water and informal water as ‘non-piped’ and explore both piped and non-piped water as dynamic and socially negotiated water regimes. We analyse how water regimes are shaped by complex constellations of formal and informal actors, institutions and technological practices. What constitutes piped water supply in Rawta is in fact largely constituted by an elaborate informal network of underground pipes and water pumps laid down to realise very specific local water needs. We explore what this kind of informality means for drinking water supply in rapidly urbanising peripheries.
水务公用事业倾向于由管道网络和基础设施构成的现代理想城市，这种理想城市在那些旨在实现雄心勃勃的用水目标的政策和讨论中得到再现。在本文中，我们利用实地考察Rawta，新德里的一个正在经历城镇化的村庄后所了解的情况，以挑战“管道”供水为正规水，“非管道”供水为非正规水的错误看法为基础，探索作为动态的、社会层面商定的水制度的管道供水和非管道供水。我们分析了由正规和非正规行为者、机构和技术实践组成的复杂群体是如何塑造水制度的。事实上，Rawta的管道供水主要由一个复杂的、由地下管道和水泵组成的非正规网络构成，以满足当地特定的用水需求。我们探讨这种非正规性对于快速城市化的周边地区的饮用水供应意味着什么。
Keywords
Delhi, drinking water, informal and formal regimes, (peri)urban
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221130930
02
Unequal and unjust: The political ecology of Bangkok’s increasing urban heat island
不平等和不公正：曼谷日益增长的城市热岛的政治生态
Abstract
The intensity of Bangkok’s urban heat island during the dry season can be as high as 6–7° and in the densest areas the urban heat island’s intensity is approximately 4°C. The urban heat island thus is causing a city already oppressively hot to become even hotter. The urban heat island also contributes to health problems, such as heat stroke and fatigue, particularly to those with lower incomes. We historically examine the numerous causes of Bangkok’s urban heat island, such as the lack of green space, high levels of air conditioning, and high rates of vehicle exhaust fumes. For example, Bangkok has only three square metres of green space per person which is one of the lowest in all of Asia. Local governmental weaknesses, administrative fragmentation, prioritisation of economic growth and limited buy-in from the private sector have intensified Bangkok’s urban heat island, and imposed numerous barriers to actions that would reduce heat, such as establishing green space, restructuring urban transport or creating and following an effective urban plan. Ideas mooted to remedy these problems have yet to come to fruition, largely because of bureaucratic inertia, fragmentation and divisions within the relevant lead organisations. The political ecology lens also reveals how political–economic processes largely determine the vulnerability of urban inhabitants to heat, but also that thermal governance is highly unequal and unjust. Those who contribute to and profit the most from Bangkok’s urban heat island, such as real estate developers, shopping mall owners, and automobile corporations, suffer the least from its effects, whereas low-income communities hardly contribute to this problem, yet are the most vulnerable.
摘要 曼谷旱季城市热岛升温可高达6℃~7℃，在最密集的地区，城市热岛强度约为升温4℃。城市热岛效应使本已酷热难耐的城市变得更加炎热。城市热岛效应还会导致中暑和疲劳等健康问题，尤其是对低收入人群而言。我们从历史角度研究了曼谷城市热岛的众多原因，例如缺乏绿地、空调的大量使用和机动车尾气高排放率。例如，曼谷人均绿地面积只有 3 平方米，是亚洲最低的城市之一。地方政府诸多弊端、行政分散、经济发展优先、私营部门的有限参与，这些因素加剧了曼谷的城市热岛效应，也设置了许多障碍，导致没有办法通过建设绿地、重组城市交通或创建并遵循有效的城市规划来降低温度。旨在解决这些问题的想法尚未取得成果，这主要是由相关领导组织内部的官僚惰性、复杂性、分散性和组织分裂造成的。我们还从政治生态学视角揭示了政治经济进程如何在很大程度上决定了城市居民易受高温影响的特性，还揭示了热治理的高度不平等和不公正。那些加剧了曼谷城市热岛，并从中获益最多的人，如房地产开发商、购物中心所有者和汽车公司，受其影响最小，而低收入社区几乎没有加剧城市热岛的行为，但却是最易受到伤害的。
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, environmental justice, political ecology, urban governance, urban greenspaces
曼谷都市管理局, 环境正义, 政治生态学, 城市治理, 城市绿地
03
Impacts of political fragmentation on inclusive economic resilience: Examining American metropolitan areas after the Great Recession
政治分裂对包容性经济复原力的影响：大衰退后美国大都市地区的考察
AbstractWe propose the concept of inclusive economic resilience to examine intra-regional economic recovery in American metropolitan areas after the Great Recession. Previous studies have treated regional and municipal economic resilience separately, with little attention to within-region variations in economic resilience. We contribute to the understanding of regional economic resilience by focusing on intra-regional economic recovery in cities. We also introduce an important yet overlooked regional factor in the context of American federalism – fragmentation of local governments. Examining US metropolitan areas from 2007 to 2017, we find that different dimensions of local fragmentation exert different impacts on intra-regional economic resilience. Our results indicate that a large number of municipal governments and greater service responsibilities borne by special and school districts lead to uneven economic recovery. In contrast, similar fiscal responsibilities taken by municipal governments promote inclusive income recovery.
我们提出了包容性经济复原力的概念，以研究大萧条后美国大都市地区的区域内经济复苏。以前的研究以区域和城市为单位来看待经济复原力，很少关注区域内经济复原力的差异。我们通过关注城市的区域内经济复苏，为理解区域经济复原力做出了贡献。我们还介绍了美国联邦制背景下一个重要但被忽视的地区因素 — 地方政府的碎片化。通过研究 2007 年至 2017 年间美国的各个大都市地区，我们发现地方碎片化的不同维度对区域内经济复原力产生了不同的影响。我们的研究结果表明，大量的市政政府以及特区和学区承担的更大的服务责任导致了经济复苏的不平衡。相比之下，市政政府承担的类似财政责任促进了包容性收入复苏。
Keywords fragmentation, Great Recession, inclusive economic resilience, metropolitan areas, resilience
关键词
碎片化, 大萧条, 包容性经济复原力, 大都市地区, 复原力
04
Is urbanisation in the Global South fundamentally different? Comparative global urban analysis for the 21st century
全球南方的城市化是否有根本不同？21世纪全球城市比较分析
Gregory F Randolph（美国南加州大学）
Michael Storper（英国伦敦经济学院，美国洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学）
首次出版时间：2022/2/8｜研究论文
Abstract
A vigorous debate has emerged in recent years over how to understand cities of the Global South. A pivotal issue in this debate is whether urbanisation processes in the South are so fundamentally different from historical and current urbanisation in the Global North that many of the theories developed from studying the latter have limited utility in application to the former. In this article, we review evidence from a range of disciplines on recent and ongoing urban transitions and urbanisation dynamics in the Global South, attending to features that distinguish the urban South from the urban North. Our reading of the evidence indicates that parts of the Global South may be urbanising along historically and geographically specific trajectories; however, we argue that these differences are best understood through a unified set of global urban theories. Rather than flattening or silencing difference, theories that seek generalisation across time and space sharpen the identification and appreciation of key differences in urbanisation processes. Analysing how the fundamental dynamics of urbanisation recombine and interact with one another in different contexts offers insight into policy challenges that cut across cities, both within and between the Global South and North, as well as context-specific policy issues that arise through the interaction of global urbanisation forces and local specificities.
摘要
近年来出现了关于如何理解全球南方城市的激烈辩论。这场辩论中的一个关键问题是，南方的城市化进程是否与全球北方历史上和当前的城市化有根本性的不同，以至于通过研究后者发展而来的许多理论在应用于前者时效用有限。在本文中，我们回顾了一系列学科中关于全球南方近期和正在进行的城市转型和城市化动态的证据，关注将南方城市与北方城市区别开来的特征。我们对证据的解读表明，全球南方的部分地区可能正在沿着其独特的历史和地理轨迹经历城市化；然而，我们认为这些差异最好通过一套统一的全球城市理论来理解。寻求具有超越时间和空间的概括性的理论并不会淡化或漠视差异，反而能更加敏锐地识别和理解城市化进程中的关键差异。分析城市化的基本动力如何在不同背景下重新组合和相互作用，这有助于我们深入了解贯穿于全球南方城市和全球北方城市内部以及两者之间的政策挑战，以及通过全球城市化力量和地方特点相互影响产生的、特定于相关背景的政策问题。关键词
集聚/城市化, 人口统计学, 发展, 全球南方, 移民, 理论, 城市土地关系
05
Interlocal interactions, municipal boundaries and water and wastewater expenditure in city-regions
城市地区间的互动、城市边界以及供水和污水的支出
AbstractUrban regions derive social and economic benefits as local governments supply water and wastewater services. We analyse differences in water and wastewater spending programmes in US city-regions. The municipal provision of water and wastewater services is situated in a regional context, examining how cities respond to different needs for services within regions. We use pooled data from 2002 to 2017 to examine changes in municipal water and wastewater expenditures. Our central finding is that water and wastewater programmes vary considerably across city-regions. Additional findings are that the municipal provision of these programmes appears to be correlated with the interaction between adjacent cities and changes to their jurisdictional boundaries. City governments may adapt their allocation of resources to water and wastewater functions according to the regional conditions surrounding city jurisdictions. This article connects theories of boundary change with systems of interlocal cooperation that support water and wastewater functions in urban regions.
摘要
城市地区从地方政府提供的供水和污水处理服务中获取社会和经济效益。我们分析了美国城市地区在供水和污水处理支出计划方面的差异。我们将市政供水和污水处理服务置于区域背景下，研究城市如何响应区域内对服务的不同需求。我们使用 2002 年至 2017 年期间的汇总数据来研究市政供水和污水处理支出的变化。我们的核心研究成果是，不同城市地区的供水和污水处理计划差异相当大。另外的研究成果是，这些市政供应计划似乎与相邻城市之间的互动及市政管辖范围的变化有关。市政府可能会根据城市管辖范围所处的区域条件调整其在供水和污水处理职能方面的资源配置。本文将边界变化理论与支持城市地区供水和污水处理职能的地方间合作系统联系起来。
关键词
城市区域, 发展中城市, 地方间安排, 供水和污水处理职能
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