《纳米研究》2020年第9期目录

Original 编辑部 NanoResearch 2022-09-25

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Kill two birds with one stone: A novel dual-functional nanobiomaterial platform with a clear translational potential for bone regeneration

Yu Shrike Zhang^1,* and Zhiyuan Zhang^2,*

¹ Harvard Medical School, USA

²Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

2311–2312

Review Article

Recent progress for hydrogen production by photocatalytic natural or simulated seawater splitting

Jining Zhang^1,2, Wenping Hu², Shuang Cao^1,*, and Lingyu Piao^1,3,*

¹National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China

²Tianjin University, China

³University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Solar-driven seawater splitting is a promising strategy to obtain clean hydrogen energy.

2313–2322

Research Articles

Mesoporous silica rods with cone shaped pores modulate inflammation and deliver BMP-2 for bone regeneration

Chun Xu^1,2, Lan Xiao³, Yuxue Cao¹, Yan He^1,3,5, Chang Lei¹, Yin Xiao³, Wujin Sun², Samad Ahadian², Xueting Zhou², Ali Khademhosseini^2,6,*, and Qingsong Ye^4,5,†,^*

¹The University of Queensland, Australia

² University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA

³Queensland University of Technology, Australia

⁴ Wenzhou Medical University, China

⁵ Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, USA

⁶Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, USA

^†Present address: Wuhan University, China

Mesoporous silica rods with large cone-shaped pores reduce the pro-inflammatory reaction of stimulated macrophage and deliver bone morphogenetic proteins 2 for bone repairing.

2323–2331

Periodic surface functional group density on graphene via laserinduced substrate patterning at Si/SiO₂ interface

Karolina A. Drogowska-Horna¹, Inam Mirza², Alvaro Rodriguez¹, Petr Kovaříček^1,*, Juraj Sládek^2,3, Thibault J.-Y. Derrien², Mindaugas Gedvilas⁴, Gediminas Račiukaitis⁴, Otakar Frank¹, Nadezhda M. Bulgakova², and Martin Kalbáč^1,*

¹ J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic

² Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic

³Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic

⁴ Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Lithuania

Laser induced periodic surface structures created on the silicon/silicon dioxide wafers imprint the periodicity into two-dimensional (2D) materials placed on them through doping. The periodic doping modulation can be exploited to create patterns of 2D material functionalization density.

2332–2339

Ofloxacin loaded MoS₂ nanoflakes for synergistic mild-temperature photothermal/antibiotic therapy with reduced drug resistance of bacteria

Yue Huang, Qiang Gao, Xu Li, Yifan Gao, Haijie Han, Qiao Jin^*, Ke Yao, and Jian Ji

Zhejiang University, China

The combination of antibiotics and photothermal therapy (PTT) was adopted to effectively eliminate Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection at mild temperature and retard the development of antibiotic resistance.

2340–2350

The versatility of Fe(II) in the synthesis of uniform citrate-stabilized plasmonic nanoparticles with tunable size at room temperature

Carlos Fernández-Lodeiro^1,2, Javier Fernández-Lodeiro^3,4, Enrique Carbó-Argibay⁵, Carlos Lodeiro^3,4, Jorge Pérez-Juste^1,2,*, and Isabel Pastoriza-Santos^1,2,*

¹Universidade de Vigo, Spain

² Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Spain

³NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal

⁴PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Portugal

⁵ International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Portugal

A seeded-growth method based on Fe(II) as a reducing agent has been proposed for the synthesis of highly uniform citrate-stabilized Au, Au@Ag and Au@Pd plasmonic spheres at room temperature and with tuneable size control.

2351–2355

Ag doped urchin-like α-MnO₂ toward efficient and bifunctional electrocatalysts for Li-O₂ batteries

Linna Dai¹, Qing Sun¹, Lina Chen^3,*, Huanhuan Guo¹, Xiangkun Nie¹, Jun Cheng¹, Jianguang Guo¹, Jianwei Li¹, Jun Lou^2,*, and Lijie Ci^1,3,*

¹ Shandong University, China

² Rice University, USA

³ Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), China

Ag doped urchin-like α-MnO₂provides more active sites and promotes the formation of film-like Li₂O₂. Li–O₂ battery (LOB) with Ag doped urchin-like α-MnO₂ catalyst exhibits excellent cycle stability compared with LOBs with Ketjen Black (KB) and unmodified α-MnO₂ catalysts.

2356–2364

Highly active N-doped carbon encapsulated Pd-Fe intermetallic nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction reaction

Yezhou Hu¹, Yun Lu¹, Xueru Zhao², Tao Shen¹, Tonghui Zhao¹, Mingxing Gong¹, Ke Chen¹, Chenglong Lai¹, Jian Zhang¹, Huolin L. Xin³, and Deli Wang^1,*

¹ Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China

²Tianjin University, China

³ University of California, USA

N-doped carbon encapsulated ordered Pd-Fe intermetallics fabricated by one-pot heat-treatment strategy delivers enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance and anti-poisoning capacity.

2365–2370

Versatile and scalable chemical vapor deposition of vertically aligned MoTe₂ on reusable Mo foils

Jinjun Lin, Hong Wang, Roland Yingjie Tay, Hongling Li, Maziar Shakerzadeh, Siu Hon Tsang, Zheng Liu^*, and Edwin Hang Tong Teo^*

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

A scalable chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of highly crystalline and vertically aligned MoTe₂ on Mo foil is introduced. This versatile growth strategy was further employed to fabricate other vertically aligned transition metal dichalcogenides such as TaTe₂ and MoSe₂.

2371–2377

The potentially crucial role of quasi-particle interferences for the growth of silicene on graphite

Fatme Jardali¹, Christoph Lechner¹, Maurizio De Crescenzi², Manuela Scarselli², Isabelle Berbezier³, Paola Castrucci², and Holger Vach^1,*

¹ Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, France

² Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Italy

³ Aix-Marseille Université, IM2NP, France

Charge modulations caused by quantum interferences (QI) on graphene guide Si atoms to self-assemble to the unique ()R30° honeycomb atomic arrangement. The limited extend of those QI leads to the experimentally observed transition from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) growth at the outskirts of the silicene islands.

2378–2383

Tunable catalytic activity of gadolinium-doped ceria nanoparticles for pro-oxidation of hydrogen peroxide

Anuja Bhalkikar¹, Tai-Sing Wu², Tamra J. Fisher¹, Anandakumar Sarella³, Dawei Zhang⁴, Yi Gao⁴, Yun-Liang Soo^2,5, and Chin Li Cheung^1,*

¹ University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA

² “National Tsing Hua University”, Taiwan, China

³ University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA

⁴Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

⁵ “National Synchrotron Radiation Research Centre”, Taiwan, China

Ceria nanoparticles doped with gadolinium(III) were synthesized using an ozone-mediated method and evaluated towards the pro-oxidation of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radicals for tuning their catalytic activity. The interplay of the promotion and degradation effects of the Gd dopants on the doped nanoparticles was revealed to elucidate the activity trend relationship.

2384–2392

Single-molecule imaging of dinitrogen molecule adsorption on individual iron phthalocyanine

Chengding Gu¹, Jia Lin Zhang^1,*, Jian Qiang Zhong¹, Qian Shen², Xiong Zhou³, Kaidi Yuan⁵, Shuo Sun¹, Xu Lian¹, Zhirui Ma¹, and Wei Chen^1,6,7,*

¹ National University of Singapore, Singapore

² Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany

³ Nanjing Tech University, China

⁴Peking University, China

⁵ Shanghai Tech University, China

⁶ International Campus of Tianjin University, China

⁷ National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, China

The central iron atom in FePc molecule grown on Au(111) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) can effectively adsorb dinitrogen molecule at room temperature and low pressure.

2393–2398

Light-responsive charge-reversal nanovector for high-efficiency in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing with controllable location and time

Yunxia Wu, Judun Zheng, Qin Zeng, Tao Zhang^*, and Da Xing^*

South China Normal University, China

A near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive charge-reversal plasmids nanovector was developed for high efficiency and site-specific gene editing. We demonstrated that our nanovector can selectively and precisely release plasmids to transfect the CRISPR/Cas9 gene into a selected NIR-irradiated region in a real-time controlled manner. This delivery nanovector achieved high transfection efficiency and 42.5% target gene PLK-1 damage in cells to afford effective tumor inhibition.

2399–2406

Interfacial engineering of Ni/V₂O₃ for hydrogen evolution reaction

Yang Chen¹, Yuan Rao¹, Rongzhi Wang¹, Yanan Yu¹, Qiulin Li², Shujuan Bao², Maowen Xu², Qin Yue¹, Yanning Zhang^1,*, and Yijin Kang^1,*

¹University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China

²Southwest University, China

The proper engineering of Ni/V₂O₃ interfaces may enable a remarkable alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance.

2407–2412

Vacancy-defect-dipole amplifies the thermoacoustic conversion efficiency of carbon nanoprobes

Wei Fang, Yujiao Shi^*, and Da Xing^*

South China Normal University, China

The schematic shows the amplification of thermoacoustic (TA) conversion efficiency of carbon nanoprobes (CNPs) by vacancy defect (VD) engineering.

2413–2419

Accelerated oxygen reduction on Fe/N/C catalysts derived from precisely-designed ZIF precursors

Ergui Luo^1,2, Chen Wang¹, Yang Li^1,2, Xian Wang^1,2, Liyuan Gong^1,2, Tuo Zhao^1,2, Zhao Jin¹, Junjie Ge^1,2,*, Changpeng Liu^1,2,*, and Wei Xing^1,2,*

¹ Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

²University of Science and Technology of China, China

Highly active Fe/N/C catalyst is obtained through an elaborately developed approach, in which the carbonization product from zeolitic imidazolateframeworks (ZIFs) is used to host Fe source. The carbonaceous host suppresses Fe aggregation more effectively during pyrolysis and thus enables the formation of high-density single-atom sites.

2420–2426

Molecular recognition and homochirality preservation of guanine tetrads in the presence of melamine

Yanghan Chen¹, Chong Chen¹, Pengcheng Ding¹, Guoqiang Shi¹, Ye Sun¹, Lev N. Kantorovich², Flemming Besenbacher³, and Miao Yu^1,*

¹ Harbin Institute of Technology, China

² King’s College London, UK

³ Aarhus University, Denmark

The molecular recognition between guanine (G) molecules is explored, in the presence of an interfering compound, melamine (M). Although M can interact with G by double hydrogen bonding, the Hoogsteen base pairing of G is found not to be compromised, forming typical G-tetrads. Not only the four molecules in each individual G-tetrad, but also all the G-tetrads orientated at different angles in the mixture of G-tetrads and M-dimers prefer homochirality.

2427–2430

Polymer matrix mediated solvation of LiNO₃ in carbonate electrolytes for quasi-solid high-voltage lithium metal batteries

Zijian Wang, Kai Yang, Yongli Song, Hai Lin, Ke Li, Yanhui Cui, Luyi Yang^*, and Feng Pan

Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, China

A novel gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and LiNO₃ is proposed for carbonate-based electrolyte, where the PEO serves as a matrix for dissolving LiNO₃.

2431–2437

Rationally designed synthesis of bright AgInS₂/ZnS quantum dots with emission control

José X. Soares¹, K. David Wegner², David S. M. Ribeiro¹, Armindo Melo¹, Ines Häusler³, João L. M. Santos¹, and Ute Resch-Genger^2,*

¹ University of Porto, Portugal

² Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Germany

³ Technische Universitat Berlin, Germany

We developed an environmentally friendly synthesis of bright AgInS₂/ZnS quantum dots by building an experimental data-based model, which allows to attain control over the application-relevant photoluminescence features.

2438–2450

Bidirectional micro-actuators based on eccentric coaxial composite oxide nanofiber

Guang Wang¹, He Ma², Xiang Jin¹, Hua Yuan¹, Yang Wei^1,*, Qunqing Li¹, Kaili Jiang^1,3, and Shoushan Fan^1,3

¹Tsinghua University, China

² Beijing University of Technology, China

³Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, China

A bidirectional micro-actuator with fast response speed and large displacement has been implemented by a CNT/Al₂O₃/VO₂ eccentric coaxial nanofiber. A large variety of coaxial and eccentric coaxial nanofibers with various functions can also be developed, giving the as-developed methodology more opportunities.

2451–2459

High resolution strain mapping of a single axially heterostructured nanowire using scanning X-ray diffraction

Susanna Hammarberg^1,*, Vilgailė Dagytė¹, Lert Chayanun¹, Megan O. Hill², Alexander Wyke¹, Alexander Björling¹, Ulf Johansson¹, Sebastian Kalbfleisch¹, Magnus Heurlin¹, Lincoln J. Lauhon², Magnus T. Borgström¹, and Jesper Wallentin¹

¹Lund University, Sweden

² Northwestern University, USA

We demonstrate the first strain mapping of axially heterostructured nanowires using nanofocused X-ray diffraction at the first operational diffraction limited storage rings (DLSR), MAX IV.

2460–2468

Cobalt phosphide nanoarrays with crystalline–amorphous hybrid phase for hydrogen production in universal-pH

Hyunseok Yoon, Hee Jo Song, Bobae Ju, and Dong-Wan Kim^*

Korea University, Republic of Korea

By controlling experimental parameters, each single CoP nanosheet is composed of polycrystalline and amorphous phase. This unique material, including large-scale electrode, exhibits the superior electrocatalytic activities and long-term durability even at high current densities, which performs comparably to commercial Pt/C and state-of-the-art CoP electrocatalysts.

2469–2477

Controlled 2D growth of organic semiconductor crystals by suppressing “coffee-ring” effect

Wei Wang¹, Bei Lu¹, Wei Deng¹, Xiujuan Zhang^1,*, Zhengjun Lu¹, Di Wu², Jiansheng Jie^1,*, and Xiaohong Zhang¹

¹Soochow University, China

²Zhengzhou University, China

A new strategy was developed to suppress the “coffee-ring” effect by introducing an organic semiconductor: polymer blend solution for wafer-scale growth of two-dimensional (2D) organic semiconductor single crystals (OSSCs). The 2D OSSCs exhibited maximum hole mobility up to 12.6 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹, along with an average hole mobility as high as 8.2 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹.

2478–2484

High-resolution, full-color quantum dot light-emitting diode display fabricated via photolithography approach

Wenhai Mei¹, Zhenqi Zhang¹, Aidi Zhang¹, Dong Li¹, Xiaoyuan Zhang¹, Haowei Wang¹, Zhuo Chen^1,*, Yanzhao Li^1,*, Xinguo Li^1,2,*, and Xiaoguang Xu^1,*

¹ BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd., China

²Peking University, China

High resolution and high color gamut are key requirements for novel display technologies, while patterning quantum dots (QDs) with high resolution in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) is challenging. In this work, a sacrificial layer assisted patterning (SLAP) approach is utilized to fabricate a 500-ppi full-color passive matrix (PM)-QLED prototype with a high color gamut of 114% National Television Standards Committee (NTSC).

2485–2491

Wide emission shifts and high quantum yields of solvatochromic carbon dots with rich pyrrolic nitrogen

Hua Wang¹, Philip Haydel¹, Ning Sui², Lina Wang², Yan Liang^3,*, and William W. Yu^1,2,*

¹ Louisiana State University, USA

² Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China

³ Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China

More pyrrolic nitrogen and amino nitrogen benefit wider solvatechromic shifts and higher quantum yields.

2492–2499

Highly regular rosette-shaped cathodoluminescence in GaN self-assembled nanodisks and nanorods

Bijun Zhao^1,*, Mark Nicolas Lockrey^1,†, Naiyin Wang¹, Philippe Caroff^1,‡, Xiaoming Yuan², Li Li¹, Jennifer Wong-Leung¹, Hark Hoe Tan¹, and Chennupati Jagadish^1,*

¹ The Australian National University, Australia

² Central South University, China

^† Present address: University of Technology Sydney, Australia

^‡ Present address: Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, Netherlands

A highly regular rosette-shaped cathodoluminescence pattern in GaN hexagonal nanostructures is observed, consisting of yellow luminescence edges and non-luminous vertices of the hexagon. Through chemical composition and strain analysis, we found the pattern may relate to facet preferential distribution of non-radiative recombination centers related to excess carbon/nitrogen.

2500–2505

Controllable synthesis of NiS and NiS₂nanoplates by chemical vapor deposition

Chen Dai, Bo Li, Jia Li, Bei Zhao, Ruixia Wu, Huifang Ma, and Xidong Duan^*

Hunan University, China

We reported the controllable synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) NiS and NiS₂nanoplates on SiO₂/Si substrate by adjusting the growth temperature and the amounts of sulphur.

2506–2511

Vasarely painting at the nanoscale on sapphire crystals

Caroline Matringe¹, Elsa Thune¹, Rémy Cavalotti¹, Ahmad Fakih¹, Stephan Arnaud², Nils Blanc², Nathalie Boudet², Alessandro Coati³, Yves Garreau^3,4, David Babonneau⁵, and René Guinebretière^1,*

¹Université de Limoges, France

² Université Grenoble Alpes, France

³Synchrotron SOLEIL, France

⁴Université de Paris, France

⁵ Université de Poitiers, France

We present in this manuscript a quantitative description of what we call “nanoscaled Vasarely surfaces” appearing after self-ordering of sapphire vicinal surfaces. Such two-dimensional (2D)-periodic surface organizations are obtained through a very simple way.

2512–2516

Compressively-strained GaSb nanowires with core–shell heterostructures

Zhongyunshen Zhu^1,*, Johannes Svensson¹, Axel R. Persson¹, Reine Wallenberg¹, Andrei V. Gromov², and Lars-Erik Wernersson¹

¹ Lund University, Sweden

² University of Edinburgh, UK

Compressively-strained GaSb nanowires are obtained by core–shell heterostructures and high axial strain was observed for mobility enhancement in p-type transistors.

2517–2524

Bioinspired hybrid patches with self-adhesive hydrogel and piezoelectric nanogenerator for promoting skin wound healing

Shuo Du, Nuoya Zhou, Yujie Gao, Ge Xie, Hongyao Du, Hao Jiang, Lianbin Zhang^*, Juan Tao^*, and Jintao Zhu^*

Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China

Bioinspired hybrid patches with self-adhesive hydrogel and piezoelectric nanogenerator are reported by mimicking mussel’s adhesive protein and wound endogenous electric field for promoting skin wound healing. Such composite patches adhere to the wound site and locally generate electrical stimulation caused by motion to promote skin regenerative activities such as cell proliferation and migration, growth factor expression, and angiogenesis, allowing wound quickly closed and better healed.

2525–2533

Quasiparticle interference and impurity resonances on WTe₂

Hyeokshin Kwon¹, Taehwan Jeong², Samudrala Appalakondaiah², Youngtek Oh¹, Insu Jeon¹, Hongki Min², Seongjun Park^1,*, Young Jae Song^2,*, Euyheon Hwang^2,*, and Sungwoo Hwang¹

¹ Samsung Electronics Co., Republic of Korea

²Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea

Mixing the surface states of Weyl points and impurty states was investigated by measuring energy-momentum dispersion of WTe₂, which can elucidate why the topological nature of WTe₂ could not be observed in the quasi-particle interference (QPI).

2534–2540

Structurally and chemically compatible BiInSe₃ substrate for topological insulator thin films

Xiong Yao, Jisoo Moon, Sang-Wook Cheong, and Seongshik Oh^*

The State University of New Jersey, USA

The Bi₂Se₃film grown on BiInSe₃ substrate exhibits superior surface morphology, lower defect density and higher Hall mobility than those on other substrates, due to structural and chemical match provided by the BiInSe₃ substrate. BiInSe₃ substrate could accelerate the advance of topological insulators (TI) research and applications.

2541–2545

High performance novel flexible perovskite solar cell based on a low-cost-processed ZnO:Co electron transport layer

Feriel Bouhjar^1,2,3,*, Lotfi Derbali^2,3, and Bernabé Marí¹

¹Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain

² Research and Technology Centre of Energy (CRTEn), Tunisia

³ Shaqraa University, Saudi Arabia

Uniform and dense nanostructured cobalt-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Co) ﬁlms were used as electron-transport layers in CH₃NH₃PbI₃-based planar flexible heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A best-performing device with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7% was achieved, and can be ascribed to the dense perovskite film, which can fully cover the ZnO film.

2546–2555

Polarity-activated super-resolution imaging probe for the formation and morphology of amyloid fibrils

Zheng Lv^1,2, Li Li¹, Zhongwei Man¹, Zhenzhen Xu^1,*, Hongtu Cui³, Rui Zhan³, Qihua He³, Lemin Zheng^3,4,*, and Hongbing Fu^1,2,*

¹ Capital Normal University, China

²Tianjin University, China

³Peking University, China

⁴ The Capital Medical University, China

A polarity-activated near infrared (NIR) probe based on the transformation from charge-transfer (CT) state to locally-excited (LE) state was designed, which can be used for stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging of protein aggregates. This study provides efficient alternative to the commercial probes and paves a novel way for STED imaging of the formation and morphology of amyloid fibrils.

2556–2563

Morphology-controlled transformation of Cu@Au core–shell nanowires into thermally stable Cu₃Au intermetallic nanowires

Zhiqiang Niu^1,2, Shouping Chen^1,3, Yi Yu⁴, Teng Lei¹, Ahmad Dehestani², Kerstin Schierle-Arndt², and Peidong Yang^1,2,3,5,*

¹ University of California, Berkeley, USA

² BASF Corporation, USA

³ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA

⁴ ShanghaiTech University, China

⁵ Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, USA

Cu@Au core–shell nanowires are transformed into Cu₃Au intermetallic nanowires, which are more resistant to oxidation at elevated temperatures in air.

2564–2569

High brightness NIR-II nanofluorophores based on fused-ring acceptor molecules

Xingfu Zhu¹, Chunchen Liu¹, Zhubin Hu^2,3, Haile Liu⁴, Jiang Wang¹, Yang Wang¹, Xinyuan Wang¹, Rui Ma¹, Xiaodong Zhang^4,*, Haitao Sun^2,3,*, and Yongye Liang^1,*

¹ Southern University of Science and Technology, China

²East China Normal University, China

³ Shanxi University, China

⁴Tianjin University, China

Molecular engineering of bridging donors affords more than 20 times increase of brightness for nanofluorophores based on fused ring acceptors in the second near-infrared window. CPTIC-4F nanofluorophores with dioctyl substituted propylenedioxy thiophene as the bridging donor exhibit emission peak at 1,110 nm with a substantially higher quantum yield and absorption coefficient than COTIC-4F with alkoxyl thiophene bridging donor in aqueous solutions.

2570–2575

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