NCCN膀胱癌临床实践指南2017.2版(5)
好消息:
目前指南解读已经完成32个癌种最新NCCN临床实践指南的编译,计划在5月1日之前完成NCCN官方网站所有其他癌种临床实践指南以及部分姑息支持治疗指南的编译,同时我们将长期坚持更新!有意获取中文指南电子版的同行,可加黄医生个人微信号30842121,我们将以PDF格式通过电子邮箱发送。考虑编译者团队在工作之余付出的大量辛苦工作,我们将向每位订制者收取360元(32个已编 + 18 个在编,合计50个指南),敬请大家理解和支持!
已编32个(马上推送)
在编18个(5月1日推送)
目录
膀胱内治疗原则 (BL-F)
指征:根据复发和发生肌层浸润的风险,例如大小、数量和分级。
膀胱癌的膀胱灌注治疗
术后即刻膀胱内灌注化疗
●考虑用于初始TURBT后的患者。见临床表现和初始评估(BL-1)。
●最常用的药物是丝裂霉素。
●首次在TURBT后24小时内开始。
●过度TURBT或可疑膀胱穿孔不可行此治疗。
●即刻行膀胱内灌注化疗(而非卡介苗),已被证明可降低选择性亚组患者的复发率。
膀胱内诱导(辅助)灌注化疗或卡介苗
●NMIBC的治疗选项(见BL-2, BL-3和BL-8)。
●最常用的药物是卡介苗、丝裂霉素和吉西他滨。
●首次TURBT后3-4周开始,维持或不维持灌注。
●诱导期间每周灌注,大概6周。
●没有完全缓解,最大给予2个诱导剂量。
●如果存在创伤性导尿、菌尿、持续性血尿、持续的严重局部症状或全身症状,暂缓灌注。
卡介苗维持膀胱灌注
●虽然没有卡介苗维持灌注的标准方案,但许多NCCN成员机构采用SWOG方案:6周的卡介苗诱导过程,然后在分别第3、6、12、18、24、30和36周维持灌注。1
●理想情况下,对于中度风险的维持灌注应持续1年,对高风险的NMIBC维持灌注应持续3年。
●如果存在创伤性导尿、菌尿、持续性血尿、持续的严重局部症状或全身症状,暂缓灌注卡介苗。
●如果维持治疗中出现严重的局部症状建议减量。
●数据表明通过卡介苗维持灌注治疗可以获益,可降低NMIBC的复发率。1
局部灌注或经皮穿刺给予化疗药或卡介苗治疗
●虽然目标部位不同,但这种治疗方法与膀胱内治疗相似。局部化疗药物通过灌注给药。可以是经皮穿刺或使用导管逆行插管给药。没有的标准方案,患者应转介到有这种治疗经验的机构或临床试验机构。
前列腺尿路上皮癌术后前列腺内灌注卡介苗
●用于前列腺导管/腺泡癌或前列腺尿道部受侵患者的治疗。见前列腺尿路上皮癌(UCP-1)。
●首次从TURP后3-4周开始。
●卡介苗诱导(辅助治疗)后应进行卡介苗维持治疗。
●数据表明可降低浅表的前列腺癌患者的复发率。2-8
原发性尿道癌术后的尿道内治疗
●考虑作为Tis、Ta或T1期选择性患者的初始治疗。见原发性尿道癌(PCU-2)。
●首次诱导(辅助)治疗在TUR后3-4周开始。
●最常用的药物是BCG、丝裂霉素和吉西他滨。
●维持治疗的角色在这种情况下并不确切。
●这种治疗在原发性尿道癌的疗效尚不明确。
上尿路肿瘤术后的肾盂内治疗
●考虑用于非转移、低级别肾盂癌患者。见上尿路肿瘤:肾盂(UTT-1)
●首次诱导(辅助)治疗在内镜切除后3-5周开始。
●最常用的药物是BCG、丝裂霉素C和吉西他滨。
●维持治疗的角色在这种情况下并不确切。
●这种治疗在上尿路肿瘤的疗效尚不明确。9-11
参考文献
1.Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD, etal. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Urol 2000;163:1124-1129.
2.Hillyard RW, Jr., Ladaga L, Schellhammer PF. Superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder associated with mucosal involvement of the prostatic urethra: results of treatment with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol 1988;139:290-293.
3.Canda AE, Tuzel E, Mungan MU, etal. Conservative management of mucosal prostatic urethral involvement in patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2004;45:465-469; discussion 469-470.
4.Palou J, Xavier B, Laguna P, etal. In situ transitional cell carcinoma involvement of prostatic urethra: bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy without previous transurethral resection of the prostate. Urology 1996;47:482-484.
5.Schellhammer PF, Ladaga LE, Moriarty RP. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin for the treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the prostatic urethra in association with carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 1995;153:53-56.
6.Bretton PR, Herr HW, Whitmore WF, Jr., etal. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for in situ transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostatic urethra. J Urol 1989;141:853-856.
7.Orihuela E, Herr HW, Whitmore WF, Jr. Conservative treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of prostatic urethra with intravesical BCG. Urology 1989;34:231-237.
8.Solsona E, Iborra I, Ricos JV, etal. Recurrence of superficial bladder tumors in prostatic urethra. Eur Urol 1991;19:89-92.
9.Cutress ML, Stewart GD, Zakikhani P, etal. Ureteroscopic and percutaneous management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC): systematic review. BJU Int 2012;110:614-628.
10.Hayashida Y, Nomata K, Noguchi M, etal. Long-term effects of bacille Calmette-Guerin perfusion therapy for treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in situ of upper urinary tract. Urology 2004;63:1084-1088. .
11.Audenet F, Traxer O, Bensalah K, Roupret M. Upper urinary tract instillations in the treatment of urothelial carcinomas: a review of technical constraints and outcomes. World J Urol 2013;31:45-52.
全身治疗原则 (BL-G)
围手术期化疗(新辅助或辅助)
标准方案 |
●DDMVAC方案(剂量密集的甲氨蝶呤、长春碱、多柔比星和顺铂)联合生长因子支持3-4个周期1,2 ●吉西他滨联合顺铂4个周期3,4 ●CMV(顺铂、甲氨蝶呤和长春碱)3个周期5 |
●对于不适宜接受顺铂治疗的,没有数据支持建议围手术期化疗。
●随机试验和meta-分析显示顺铂为基础的新辅助化疗(3或4周期)对肌层浸润的膀胱癌有生存获益。1,6,7
●Meta分析显示pT3、pT4或N+患者膀胱切除术后行辅助治疗有生存获益。7
●新辅助化疗比辅助化疗的证据级别更高。
●DDMVAC方案比标准的MVAC方案更优先,1类证据显示DDMVAC在进展期疾病比传统的MVAC方案有效率更高、耐受性更好。2,8 因此,传统剂量和疗程的MVAC方案不再被推荐。
●围术期吉西他滨和顺铂可代替DDMVAC方案,1类证据显示在进展期疾病与传统MVAC方案疗效相当。4,9
●对于吉西他滨/顺铂方案,21天或28天为一周期均可接受。21天方案延迟时间短,剂量依从性可能更好。10
●上尿道尿路上皮癌,特别是分期晚和(或)分级高的肿瘤可考虑行新辅助化疗,因为肾输尿管切除后肾功能可能下降影响辅助化疗。
●围术期卡铂不能代替顺铂。
►对于肾功能处临界值或轻微损伤的患者,可考虑分次给予顺铂(例如35/m2 d1、2或d1、8)(2B类证据)。虽然这样应用含顺铂的方案更安全,但相对疗效尚不确定。对于不能使用顺铂的患者,围术期化疗尚无推荐。
●对于肾功能处临界值的患者,估测肾小球滤过率以评估是否适宜使用顺铂。
局部晚期或转移性疾病的一线化疗
标准方案 | 选择性患者的可替代方案 | |
适宜使用顺铂 | ●吉西他滨和顺铂4 (1类推荐) ●DDMVAC联合生长因子 支持(1类推荐)2,8 | |
因为肾功能差或PS评分低而不适宜使用顺铂 | ●吉西他滨和卡铂11
| ●吉西他滨12 ●吉西他滨和紫杉醇13
|
肾功能和PS评分好,但是因为听力/神经病变而不适宜使用顺铂 | ●异环磷酰胺、多柔比星和吉西他滨14
|
●如果同时存在内脏转移和ECOG评分≥2分提示化疗预后不佳。不存在这些预后不良因素的患者最能从化疗中获益。
●随机试验中,对大多数患者,吉西他滨和顺铂加用紫杉醇的风险大于有限的获益。15
●相当比例的患者由于肾功能损伤或其他合并症不能接受顺铂为基础的化疗。
►推荐参加临床试验接受新的或耐受性更好的化疗。
局部晚期或转移性疾病的后续全身治疗
●建议参与新药的临床试验。
标准方案 | 选择性患者的可替代方案 |
●阿特珠单抗16 ●纳武单抗17 ●紫杉醇或多西他赛18 ●吉西他滨12 ●培美曲塞19 | ●白蛋白结合型紫杉醇20 ●异环磷酰胺21 ●甲氨喋呤 ●异环磷酰胺,多柔比星和吉西他滨14 ●吉西他滨和紫杉醇13 吉西他滨和顺铂4 ●DDMVAC2 |
保留膀胱的最大限度TURBT术后使放疗敏感的化疗方案
●一线化疗
标准方案(首选两药化疗) | 其它可选方案 |
●顺铂a和5-FU22 ●顺铂a和紫杉醇22,23 ●5-FU和丝裂霉素24 | ●顺铂a单药25 ●低剂量吉西他滨26,27(2B类推荐)
|
膀胱切除术后盆腔复发或转移给予姑息治疗,行常规分割放疗同时应用增敏化疗方案
●顺铂a
●紫杉烷(多西紫杉醇或紫杉醇)(2B类推荐)
●5-FU(2B类推荐)
●5-FU和丝裂霉素(2B类推荐)
●卡培他滨(3类推荐)
●低剂量吉西他滨(2B类推荐)
注解
a.卡铂不是有效的放疗增敏剂,放疗中卡铂不能替代顺铂。(Rödel C, Grabenbauer GG, Kühn R, etal. Combined-modality treatment and selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: long-term results. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:3061.)
参考文献
1.Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM, etal. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:859-866.
2.Sternberg CN, de Mulder PH, Schornagel JH, etal. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose-intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus classic MVAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Protocol no. 30924. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2638-2646.
3.Dash A, Pettus JA, Herr HW, etal. A role for neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus cisplatin in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a retrospective experience. Cancer 2008;113:2471-2477.
4.Von der Maase H, Hansen SW, Roberts JT, etal. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:3068-3077.
5.Griffiths G, Hall R, Sylvester R, etal. International phase III trial assessing neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer:long-term results of the BA06 30894 trial. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:2171-2177.
6.Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis Collaboration. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data advanced bladder cancer (ABC) meta-analysis collaboration. Eur Urol 2005;48:202-205;discussion 205-206.
7.Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis Collaboration. Adjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration. Eur Urol 2005;48:189-199; discussion 199-201.
8.Sternberg CN, de Mulder P, Schornagel JH, etal. Seven year update of an EORTC phase III trial of high-dose intensity M-VAC chemotherapy and G-CSF versus classic M-VAC in advanced urothelial tract tumours. Eur J Cancer 2006;42:50-54.
9.von der Maase H, Sengelov L, Roberts JT, etal. Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4602-4608.
10.Soto Parra H, Cavina R, Latteri F, etal. Three-week versus four-week schedule of cisplatin and gemcitabine: results of a randomized phase II study. Ann Oncol 2002;13:1080-1086.
11.De Santis M, Bellmunt J, Mead G, etal: Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: EORTC study 30986. Journal of Clinical Oncology 30:191-9, 2012.
12.Stadler WM, Kuzel T, Roth B, etal: Phase II study of single-agent gemcitabine in previously untreated patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 15:3394-8, 1997.
13.Calabro F, Lorusso V, Rosati G, etal: Gemcitabine and paclitaxel every 2 weeks in patients with previously untreated urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 115:2652-9, 2009.
14.Siefker-Radtke AO, Dinney CP, Shen Y, etal: A phase 2 clinical trial of sequential neoadjuvant chemotherapy with ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and gemcitabine followed by cisplatin, gemcitabine, and ifosfamide in locally advanced urothelial cancer: final results.
Cancer 119:540-7, 2013.
15.Bellmunt J, von der Maase H, Mead GM, etal. Randomized phase III study comparing paclitaxel/cisplatin/gemcitabine and gemcitabine/cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer without prior systemic therapy: EORTC Intergroup Study 30987. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:1107-1113.
16.Rosenberg JE, Hoffman-Censits J, Powles T etal. Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: A single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet 2017;387:1909-1920.
17.Sharma P, Retz M, Siefker-Radtke A, etal. Nivolumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy (CheckMate 275): A multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017.
18.McCaffrey JA, Hilton S, Mazumdar M, etal: Phase II trial of docetaxel in patients with advanced or metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1853-7.
19.Sweeney CJ, Roth BJ, Kabbinavar FF, etal: Phase II study of pemetrexed for second-line treatment of transitional cell cancer of the urothelium. J Clini Oncol 2008;24:3451-7.
20.Ko YJ, Canil CM, Mukherjee SD, etal: Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel for second-line treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single group, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:769-76.
21.Witte RS, Elson P, Bono B, etal: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group phase II trial of ifosfamide in the treatment of previously treated advanced urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:589-93.
22.Mitin T, Hunt D, Shipley W, etal. Transurethral surgery and twice-daily radiation plus paclitaxel-cisplatin or fluorouracil-cisplatin with selective bladder preservation and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (RTOG 0233): a
randomized multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:863-872.
23.Efstathiou JA, Spiegel DY, Shipley WU, etal. Long-term outcomes of selective bladder preservation by combined-modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer: The MGH experience. Eur Urol 2012; 61:705-711.
24.James ND, Hussain SA, Hall E, etal; BC2001 Investigators. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1477-1488.
25Tester W, Caplan R, Heaney J, etal. Neoadjuvant combined modality program with selective organ preservation for invasive bladder cancer: results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group phase II trial 8802. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:119.
26.Kent E etal. Combined-modality therapy with gemcitabine and radiotherapy as a bladder preservation strategy: results of a phase I trial. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2540-2545.
27.Choudhury A, Swindell R, Logue JP, etal. Phase II study of conformal hypofractionated radiotherapy with concurrent gemcitabine in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:733.
浸润性肿瘤的放疗原则(BL-H)
膀胱癌
●在确保安全的前提下,最大限度的经尿道电切术(TUR)后行单纯放疗或同步放化疗。
●为了每日的重复性,模拟定位和每次放疗时首选排空膀胱。(图像引导下的肿瘤推量放疗,膀胱充盈是可接受的)
●采用高能直线加速器多野照射技术。
●对浸润性肿瘤,可考虑低剂量术前放疗后行膀胱部分切除术(2B类推荐)。
●对没有肾盂积水和没有多发原位癌伴肌层浸润的患者,同步放化疗或单纯放疗最为有效。
●Ta、T1或原位癌患者绝大多数不适合行单纯外照射(EBRT)。对复发的Ta-T1期、经过多次卡介苗(BCG)治疗但没有多发原位癌的患者,如果不适合膀胱切除术,同步化放疗可考虑作为一种潜在治愈的手段替代NCCN指南视为标准治疗的根治性膀胱切除术。
●整个膀胱加或不加盆腔淋巴结放疗39.6~50.4Gy,使用常规或加速超分割。淋巴结的放疗是可选的,并且应考虑到患者的合并症和对临近主要结构的毒性风险。然后整个或部分膀胱推量至60-66Gy。对于淋巴结阳性的患者,根据临床病案,考虑对肉眼可见受侵的淋巴结进行推量放疗至最高剂量且不违反DVH参数。常规分割的合理替代方案包括整个膀胱55Gy/20f,或同时结合肉眼可见病变部位的推量放疗。
●只照射膀胱或膀胱肿瘤局部加量时,可每天在图像引导下放疗。
●同步放化疗可增强肿瘤杀灭作用,对比单纯放疗并不明显增加毒副作用。对肾功能轻中度损害者,可使用5-FU和丝裂霉素C代替顺铂。以上治疗建议推荐在具备专业多学科团队的单位开展。
●对因全身状况而不能手术的患者,同步放化疗或单纯放疗可考虑作为一种潜在可治愈的治疗手段,对有远处转移的患者也可起到局部姑息治疗作用。
●对转移性膀胱癌或盆腔复发肿瘤患者,可给予姑息放疗,并建议联合放射增敏的化疗药。见BL-G,4-3。单次高剂量(>3Gy/次)姑息放疗时,不建议同步化疗。
●放疗野应包括整个膀胱和所有肉眼可见病变部位±未受侵的区域淋巴结。区域淋巴结包括下腹、闭孔、髂内和髂外、膀胱周围淋巴结、骶淋巴结和骶前淋巴结。对于淋巴结受侵的患者,髂总淋巴结是受侵的第二站。
●对pT3/pT4 pN0-2膀胱尿路上皮癌(纯尿路上皮癌或原发性尿路上皮癌与其它亚型混合)患者,在根治性膀胱切除术和回肠膀胱术后,应考虑行辅助性盆腔放射治疗。放疗野应包括病理诊断发现的存在镜下残留病变的危险区域,也可包括膀胱切除术区和盆腔淋巴结,剂量范围为45-50.4 Gy。基于正常组织的放射剂量限制,如果可行,受侵的切缘和结外浸润的区域可推量照射至54-60Gy。
●全剂量初始化放疗完成后的肿瘤状态评估:2-3个月后行胸部/腹部/盆腔增强CT±骨扫描。在全剂量化放疗完成后还建议行膀胱镜监测和活检。
●对经严格筛选的T4b期肿瘤患者,可考虑行术中放疗。
尿道癌
●数据支持放疗用于治疗尿路上皮癌和尿道鳞癌(病例分析和源于其他部位这类型肿瘤的治疗经验);放疗也可用于治疗尿道腺癌。
●根治性放疗(保护正常器官)
►cT2 cN0
◊对肉眼可见肿瘤及周围潜在微转移区行外放疗(EBRT)66-70Gy。推荐行同步化疗以增强杀灭肿瘤的作用。
◊强烈建议对区域淋巴结行预防性放疗(女性和肿瘤位于远端尿道的男性患者的靶区包括腹股沟和下盆腔淋巴结;肿瘤位于近端尿道的男性患者靶区包括盆腔淋巴结)
►cT3-T4,或淋巴结阳性
◊外照射:肉眼可见肿瘤及周围潜在微转移区以及盆腔区域淋巴结(女性和肿瘤位于远端尿道的男性患者的靶区包括腹股沟和下盆腔淋巴结;肿瘤位于近端尿道的男性患者的靶区包括盆腔淋巴结)放疗45-50.4Gy,原发肿瘤局部推量至66-70Gy,转移淋巴结推量至54-66Gy。在保证正常组织的前提下,考虑肉眼可见转移淋巴结的剂量分布。建议同步化疗提高疗效。
►术后辅助放疗
◊放疗靶区应包括切除术后镜下残留病灶的高危区,包括瘤床、腹股沟淋巴结和盆腔淋巴结区。镜下残留病灶的高危区应接受外放疗(EBRT)45-50.4Gy。在保证正常组织的前提下,受侵的切缘与结外浸润区应推量至54-60Gy,肉眼残留病灶区需推量至66-70Gy。可考虑联合膀胱癌的同步化疗方案以提高疗效。
参考文献
1.Baumann BC, Bosch WR, Bahl A, etal. Development and validation of consensus contouring guidelines for adjuvant radiation therapy for bladder cancer after Radical cystectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017;96:78-86.
2.Baumann BC, He J, Hwang WT, etal. Validating a local failure risk stratification for use in prospective studies of adjuvant radiation therapy for bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017;95:703-706.
3.Efstathiou JA, Spiegel DY, Shipley WU, etal. Long-term outcomes of selective bladder preservation by combined-modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer: the MGH experience. Eur Urol 2012;61:705.
4.Efstathiou JA, Zietman AL. Bladder Cancer. In Gunderson & Tepper, editors. Clinical Radiation Oncology. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier 2015. James ND, Hussain SA, Hall E, et al. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1477. Kamat AM, Hahn NM, Efstathiou JA, et al. Bladder cancer. Lancet 2017.
5.Mak RH, Hunt D, Shipley WU, etal. Long-term outcomes in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer after selective bladder-preserving combined-modality therapy: A pooled analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:3801.
6.Mitin T, Hunt D, Shipley WU, etal. Transurethral surgery and twice-daily radiation plus paclitaxel-cisplatin or fluorouracil-cisplatin with selective bladder preservation and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (RTOG 0233): A randomised multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:863.
7.Ploussard G, Daneshmand S, Efstathiou JA, etal. Critical analysis of bladder sparing with trimodal therapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol 2014; 66:120.
8.Rödel C, Grabenbauer GG, Kühn R, etal. Combined-modality treatment and selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: long-term results. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:3061.
9.Shipley WU, Prout GR, Kaufman SD, Perrone TL. Invasive bladder carcinoma. The importance of initial transurethral surgery and other significant prognostic factors for improved survival with full-dose irradiation. Cancer 1987;60:514–520.
10.Weiss C, Wolze C, Engehausen DG, Ott OJ, etal. Radiochemotherapy after transurethral resection for high-risk T1 bladder cancer: An alternative to intravesical therapy or early cystectomy? J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2318-2324.
11.Zaghloul MS, Christodouleas JP, Smith A, etal. Adjuvant sandwich chemotherapy and radiation versus adjuvant chemotherapy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer [abstract]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017;96:Abstract S94.
(转载请联系公众号"指南解读"黄医生个人微信号:30842121)
更多精彩内容,请点击:
长按二维码,关注我们