双语丨《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书（二）
10月27日，国务院新闻办公室发表《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书，本书英文版已由中国外文局所属外文出版社出版，法文版、俄文版、西文版、阿文版、德文版、日文版将陆续出版。
Responding to Climate Change: China’s Policies and Actions
二、实施积极应对气候变化国家战略
II. Implementing a National Strategy of Actively Responding to Climate Change
As the largest developing country, with a population of over 1.4 billion, China faces major challenges across a range of important areas including economic development, improving the people’s lives, pollution control, and eco-environmental protection. In order to meet its targets in response to climate change, China has risen to these challenges and formulated and implemented a variety of strategies, regulations, policies, standards, and actions.
不断提高应对气候变化力度
Intensifying Efforts in Response to Climate Change
It will not be easy for China to achieve its new NDC targets; it will take approximately 30 years of painstaking effort to transit from peak carbon emissions to achieving carbon neutrality and the largest reduction in carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP (“carbon intensity”) in the world. Walking the talk, China has already begun to implement positive and effective moves in its strategy to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality.
加强应对气候变化统筹协调。应对气候变化工作覆盖面广、涉及领域众多。为加强协调、形成合力，中国成立由国务院总理任组长，30个相关部委为成员的国家应对气候变化及节能减排工作领导小组，各省（区、市）均成立了省级应对气候变化及节能减排工作领导小组。2018年4月，中国调整相关部门职能，由新组建的生态环境部负责应对气候变化工作，强化了应对气候变化与生态环境保护的协同。2021年，为指导和统筹做好碳达峰碳中和工作，中国成立碳达峰碳中和工作领导小组。各省（区、市）陆续成立碳达峰碳中和工作领导小组，加强地方碳达峰碳中和工作统筹。
Improving overall planning and coordination in response to climate change. The response to climate change covers a wide range of areas; therefore, to improve coordination and pool strengths, China has set up a national leading group headed by Premier of the State Council and with officials from 30 ministries and commissions as members. Its remit is responding to climate change, conserving energy, and reducing emissions, and all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government (PARMs) have set up corresponding groups. In April 2018, China adjusted the functions of relevant government departments, and put the newly established Ministry of Ecology and Environment in charge of responding to climate change, thus reinforcing the coordination between responding to climate change and protecting the eco-environment. In 2021, China set up a special leading group to guide and coordinate the work related to peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. All PARMs have established leading groups for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, so as to strengthen the coordination of their efforts.
将应对气候变化纳入国民经济社会发展规划。自“十二五”开始，中国将单位国内生产总值（GDP）二氧化碳排放（碳排放强度）下降幅度作为约束性指标纳入国民经济和社会发展规划纲要，并明确应对气候变化的重点任务、重要领域和重大工程。中国“十四五”规划和2035年远景目标纲要将“2025年单位GDP二氧化碳排放较2020年降低18%”作为约束性指标。中国各省（区、市）均将应对气候变化作为“十四五”规划的重要内容，明确具体目标和工作任务。
Incorporating the response to climate change into national economic and social development plans. Starting from the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015), China has incorporated reducing carbon intensity into the outline of the plans for national economic and social development as binding targets, and defined key tasks, priority areas, and major projects. China’s Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 sets a binding target of slashing carbon intensity by 18 percent from 2020 to 2025. All PARMs have taken on the response to climate change as an important part of the 14th Five-year Plan, and set themselves specific targets and tasks.
建立应对气候变化目标分解落实机制。为确保规划目标落实，综合考虑各省（区、市）发展阶段、资源禀赋、战略定位、生态环保等因素，中国分类确定省级碳排放控制目标，并对省级政府开展控制温室气体排放目标责任进行考核，将其作为各省（区、市）主要负责人和领导班子综合考核评价、干部奖惩任免等重要依据。省级政府对下一级行政区域控制温室气体排放目标责任也开展相应考核，确保应对气候变化与温室气体减排工作落地见效。
Establishing a mechanism of breaking down and meeting the targets for responding to climate change. To meet its targets, China has set tiered provincial-level carbon emission caps for its PARMs based on factors such as their development stage, resource endowment, strategic positioning, and eco-environmental protection. It has assessed the performance of the relevant governments in meeting the targets and fulfilling the responsibilities for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, and uses the results as an important reference for the comprehensive performance assessment and appraisal of officials holding principal posts and leadership teams in the PARMs, as well as for the appointment, reward, sanction, and removal of officials. PARM governments have also assessed the performance of administrative divisions at lower levels in meeting their targets and fulfilling their responsibilities for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, thus ensuring that the effort is coordinated and effective.
不断强化自主贡献目标。2015年，中国确定了到2030年的自主行动目标：二氧化碳排放2030年左右达到峰值并争取尽早达峰。截至2019年底，中国已经提前超额完成2020年气候行动目标。2020年，中国宣布国家自主贡献新目标举措：中国二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和；到2030年，中国单位GDP二氧化碳排放将比2005年下降65%以上，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重将达到25%左右，森林蓄积量将比2005年增加60亿立方米，风电、太阳能发电总装机容量将达到12亿千瓦以上。相比2015年提出的自主贡献目标，时间更紧迫，碳排放强度削减幅度更大，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重再增加五个百分点，增加非化石能源装机容量目标，森林蓄积量再增加15亿立方米，明确争取2060年前实现碳中和。2021年，中国宣布不再新建境外煤电项目，展现中国应对气候变化的实际行动。
Continuing to update NDC targets. In 2015, China set its nationally determined action objectives by 2030: to peak carbon dioxide emissions around 2030 at the latest and make every effort to peak early. By the end of 2019, China had delivered on its 2020 climate action target ahead of schedule. In 2020, China announced new NDC targets and measures. China aims to:
• peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.
• lower its carbon intensity by over 65 percent by 2030 from the 2005 level.
• increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25 percent by 2030.
• increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters by 2030 from the 2005 level.
• bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kW by 2030.
Compared with the objectives set in 2015, the new targets are more ambitious in timeframe. They involve a steeper cut in carbon intensity, an increase of another five percentage points in the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption, a new target for installed capacity of non-fossil fuels, an additional forest stock of 1.5 billion cubic meters, and a clear announcement to aim for carbon neutrality before 2060. China has announced in 2021 a decision to stop building new coal-fired power projects overseas, demonstrating its concrete actions in response to climate change.
加快构建碳达峰碳中和“1+N”政策体系。中国制定并发布碳达峰碳中和工作顶层设计文件，编制2030年前碳达峰行动方案，制定能源、工业、城乡建设、交通运输、农业农村等分领域分行业碳达峰实施方案，积极谋划科技、财政、金融、价格、碳汇、能源转型、减污降碳协同等保障方案，进一步明确碳达峰碳中和的时间表、路线图、施工图，加快形成目标明确、分工合理、措施有力、衔接有序的政策体系和工作格局，全面推动碳达峰碳中和各项工作取得积极成效。
Accelerating work on "1+N" policies for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. The country has formulated and released a top-level design document for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, and is working on an action plan for peaking carbon emissions before 2030, with implementation plans for fields and sectors such as energy, industry, urban and rural construction, transport, and agriculture and rural areas. Support plans are being created in areas such as science and technology, fiscal funding, finance, pricing, carbon sinks, energy transition and coordination of pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction, with clearer timetables, roadmaps, and working plans. The country is shaping policies and actions with clear objectives, reasonable assignment of labor, effective measures, and sound coordination, ensuring that all efforts deliver positive results.
坚定走绿色低碳发展道路
Staying Committed to a Green and Low-Carbon Path to Development
China has been actively responding to climate change in a responsible manner. Considering this to be a major opportunity to transform its growth model, China is actively exploring a green and low-carbon path to development, one that remains within the limits of resources, energy, and the environment, and is protective of our planet.
实施减污降碳协同治理。实现减污降碳协同增效是中国新发展阶段经济社会发展全面绿色转型的必然选择。中国2015年修订的大气污染防治法专门增加条款，为实施大气污染物和温室气体协同控制和开展减污降碳协同增效工作提供法治基础。为加快推进应对气候变化与生态环境保护相关职能协同、工作协同和机制协同，中国从战略规划、政策法规、制度体系、试点示范、国际合作等方面，明确统筹和加强应对气候变化与生态环境保护的主要领域和重点任务。中国围绕打好污染防治攻坚战，重点把蓝天保卫战、柴油货车治理、长江保护修复、渤海综合治理、城市黑臭水体治理、水源地保护、农业农村污染治理七场标志性重大战役作为突破口和“牛鼻子”，制定作战计划和方案，细化目标任务、重点举措和保障条件，以重点突破带动整体推进，推动生态环境质量明显改善。
Making coordinated efforts to reduce pollution and carbon emissions. It is essential for China to coordinate its efforts to pursue all-round and greener economic and social development in the new development stage. The country amended the Law on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in 2015 and added specific provisions, providing a legal basis for the coordinated control of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases and reduction of pollution and carbon emissions. To further coordinate the functions, initiatives, and mechanisms for responding to climate change and protecting the eco-environment, China has defined major areas and key tasks covering strategic planning, policies and regulations, institutions, pilots and demonstrations, and international cooperation. China has invested a major effort in seven landmark campaigns to keep the skies blue, control pollution caused by diesel trucks, protect and restore the Yangtze River ecosystem, improve the water environment of the Bohai Sea region, improve black and fetid water bodies in cities, protect water sources, and control pollution in agriculture and rural areas. With action plans and concrete targets and measures, these campaigns serve to drive the overall progress and bring notable improvements to the eco-environment.
加快形成绿色发展的空间格局。国土是生态文明建设的空间载体，必须尊重自然，给自然生态留下休养生息的时间和空间。中国主动作为，精准施策，科学有序统筹布局农业、生态、城镇等功能空间，开展永久基本农田、生态保护红线、城镇开发边界“三条控制线”划定试点工作。将自然保护地、未纳入自然保护地但生态功能极重要生态极脆弱的区域，以及具有潜在重要生态价值的区域划入生态保护红线，推动生态系统休养生息，提高固碳能力。
Creating a spatial configuration for green development. Since territorial space is where we pursue eco-environmental progress, we must create time and room for natural ecosystems to rehabilitate themselves. China has created orderly and science-based strategies for agricultural, ecological, urban, and other areas. It has piloted the policy of designating permanent basic cropland areas, drawing redlines for protecting ecosystems, and delineating boundaries for urban development. It has drawn redlines for identified protected areas (PAs), areas that are ecologically vital and vulnerable but not included in PAs, and areas with important potential ecological value, thus increasing their carbon sequestration capacity.
大力发展绿色低碳产业。建立健全绿色低碳循环发展经济体系，促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型，是解决资源环境生态问题的基础之策。为推动形成绿色发展方式和生活方式，中国制定国家战略性新兴产业发展规划，以绿色低碳技术创新和应用为重点，引导绿色消费，推广绿色产品，提升新能源汽车和新能源的应用比例，全面推进高效节能、先进环保和资源循环利用产业体系建设，推动新能源汽车、新能源和节能环保产业快速壮大，积极推进统一的绿色产品认证与标识体系建设，增加绿色产品供给，积极培育绿色市场。持续推进产业结构调整，发布并持续修订产业指导目录，引导社会投资方向，改造提升传统产业，推动制造业高质量发展，大力培育发展新兴产业，更有力支持节能环保、清洁生产、清洁能源等绿色低碳产业发展。
Developing green and low-carbon industries. The basic solutions to resource, environmental, and ecological problems are to establish and improve an economic system featuring green, low-carbon, and circular development, and to pursue greener economic and social development in all respects. To shape green development models and green ways of life, China has formulated a plan for national strategic emerging industries with the aim to:
• guide green consumption, promote green products and increase the proportion of new-energy vehicles and new energy use, with an emphasis on innovation and the application of green and low-carbon technologies.
• promote industry systems for efficient energy conservation, state-of-the-art environmental protection, and resource recycling, boosting the growth of the new-energy vehicle industry, new energy industries and energy-saving and environmental protection industries.
• develop a unified certification and labeling system for green products and foster a green market by increasing the supply of green products.
It has also pressed ahead with industrial restructuring through the following measures:
• issuing and continuously updating the catalog for guiding industry restructuring to steer non-governmental investment.
• transforming and upgrading traditional industries.
• boosting high-quality development of manufacturing.
• cultivating and developing emerging industries.
• providing greater support to green and low-carbon industries such as energy conservation, environmental protection, clean production, and clean energy.
坚决遏制高耗能高排放项目盲目发展。中国持续严格控制高耗能、高排放（以下简称“两高”）项目盲目扩张，依法依规淘汰落后产能，加快化解过剩产能。严格执行钢铁、铁合金、焦化等13个行业准入条件，提高在土地、环保、节能、技术、安全等方面的准入标准，落实国家差别电价政策，提高高耗能产品差别电价标准，扩大差别电价实施范围。公布12批重点工业行业淘汰落后产能企业名单，2018年至2020年连续开展淘汰落后产能督查检查，持续推动落后产能依法依规退出。中国把坚决遏制“两高”项目盲目发展作为抓好碳达峰碳中和工作的当务之急和重中之重，组织各地区全面梳理摸排“两高”项目，分类提出处置意见，开展“两高”项目专项检查，严肃查处违规建设运行的“两高”项目，对“两高”项目实行清单管理、分类处置、动态监控。建立通报批评、用能预警、约谈问责等工作机制，逐步形成一套完善的制度体系和监管体系。
Resolutely curbing the haphazard development of energy-intensive and high-emission projects. China has strictly controlled the haphazard expansion of energy-intensive and high-emission projects, shutting down outdated production facilities in accordance with laws and regulations, and scaling down overcapacity at a faster pace. To achieve this, it has:
• implemented strict market access standards for 13 industries including iron & steel, ferroalloy, and coking, tightening requirements on land, environmental protection, energy conservation, technology, and safety.
• put in place the national policy on differential electricity prices, raising standards for the differential electricity prices for energy-intensive products and expanding the scope of differential electricity prices.
• released, 12 times, lists of enterprises in key industrial fields that were required to shut down outdated production facilities, and conducted annual supervision and inspection from 2018 to 2020 to ensure the elimination of outdated production facilities in accordance with laws and regulations.
• made the expansion control a top priority in the effort to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. It required local governments to clearly identify all energy-intensive and high-emission projects, produce category-based management proposals, carry out special inspections, strictly punish any such projects constructed or operated in contravention of regulations, and implement list management, category-based handling, and dynamic monitoring of energy-intensive and high-emission projects. It has established working mechanisms on openly criticizing entities for wrong-doing, early warnings on energy use, regulatory talks, and accountability, gradually forming sound working and regulatory systems.
优化调整能源结构。能源领域是温室气体排放的主要来源，中国不断加大节能减排力度，加快能源结构调整，构建清洁低碳安全高效的能源体系。确立能源安全新战略，推动能源消费革命、供给革命、技术革命、体制革命，全方位加强国际合作，优先发展非化石能源，推进水电绿色发展，全面协调推进风电和太阳能发电开发，在确保安全的前提下有序发展核电，因地制宜发展生物质能、地热能和海洋能，全面提升可再生能源利用率。积极推动煤炭供给侧结构性改革，化解煤炭过剩产能，加强煤炭安全智能绿色开发和清洁高效开发利用，推动煤电行业清洁高效高质量发展，大力推动煤炭消费减量替代和散煤综合治理，推进终端用能领域以电代煤、以电代油。深化能源体制改革，促进能源资源高效配置。
Improving and adjusting the energy mix. The energy sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. China has continuously intensified its efforts in energy conservation and emissions reduction and accelerated energy mix readjustment to build a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy system. To achieve this, it has:
• defined a new strategy for energy security that promotes a green revolution in energy consumption, supply, technology, and systems, strengthens international cooperation in an all-round way, prioritizes the development of non-fossil fuels, promotes the green development of hydropower, makes comprehensive and coordinated progress in wind and solar power development, pursues the orderly development of nuclear power under the precondition of guaranteed safety, develops biomass energy, geothermal energy, and marine energy based on local conditions, comprehensively increasing the rate of renewable energy use.
• driven the supply-side structural reform of coal by cutting overcapacity in coal, strengthening safe, intelligent, green, and efficient exploitation and clean and efficient use of coal, promoting clean, efficient, and high-quality development of coal-fired power industries, reducing the consumption of coal and replacing it with other fuels, taking comprehensive measures to manage the use of coal in non-industrial sectors, and promoting the substitution of coal and petroleum by electricity as end-use energy.
• expanded reform of the energy system, promoting efficient allocation of energy and resources.
强化能源节约与能效提升。为进一步强化节约能源和提升能效目标责任落实，中国实施能源消费强度和总量双控制度，设定省级能源消费强度和总量控制目标并进行监督考核。把节能指标纳入生态文明、绿色发展等绩效评价指标体系，引导转变发展理念。强化重点用能单位节能管理，组织实施节能重点工程，加强先进节能技术推广，发布煤炭、电力、钢铁、有色、石化、化工、建材等13个行业共260项重点节能技术。建立能效“领跑者”制度，健全能效标识制度，发布15批实行能源效率标识的产品目录及相关实施细则。加快推行合同能源管理，强化节能法规标准约束，发布实施340多项国家节能标准，积极推动节能产品认证，已颁发节能产品认证证书近5万张，助力节能行业发展。加强公共机构节能增效示范引领，35%左右的县级及以上党政机关建成节约型机关，中央国家机关本级全部建成节约型机关，累计创建5114家节约型公共机构示范单位。加强工业领域节能，实施国家工业专项节能监察、工业节能诊断行动、通用设备能效提升行动及工业节能与绿色标准化行动等。加强需求侧管理，大力开展工业领域电力需求侧管理示范企业（园区）创建及参考产品（技术）遴选工作，实现用电管理可视化、自动化、智能化。
Reinforcing efforts in energy conservation and greater energy efficiency. To further guarantee the fulfillment of responsibilities in meeting energy conservation and energy efficiency enhancement targets, China has:
• implemented a system for controlling energy intensity and energy consumption, and set targets for both at the provincial level with supervision and performance evaluation.
• incorporated energy conservation indexes into the index system for evaluating the performance in environmental progress and green development to facilitate the transformation in development philosophy.
• strengthened energy conservation management of major energy-using entities, organized the implementation of key energy conservation projects, and popularized advanced energy conservation technologies by releasing 260 key energy conservation technologies in 13 industries, including coal, electricity, iron & steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemicals, chemicals, and building materials.
• established a “Frontrunner” system for energy efficiency, and improved the energy efficiency labeling system by issuing 15 batches of catalogs for products with energy efficiency labels and related implementation rules.
• implemented Energy Performance Contracting and strengthened regulations and standards on energy conservation. It has issued and implemented over 340 national standards on energy conservation and promoted the certification of energy-saving products accordingly. To date, almost 50,000 energy-saving product certificates have been issued, thus boosting the energy conservation industry.
• required public institutions to play an exemplary role in energy conservation and energy efficiency enhancement. Approximately 35 percent of Party and government offices at and above county level, and all central CPC and government departments have shifted onto an energy-saving trajectory. In all, 5,114 public institutions have become demonstrative units for energy conservation.
• strengthened energy conservation in the industrial sector by carrying out special national inspections on energy conservation alongside campaigns on energy-saving diagnosis, on increasing the energy efficiency of general equipment, and on promoting energy conservation and establishing standards for green development.
• strengthened demand-side management by setting up demonstrative enterprises/industrial parks and selecting reference products/technologies in the demand-side management of electricity in industrial fields, which would have achieved the visualized, automated, and intelligent management of electricity consumption.
推动自然资源节约集约利用。为推进生态文明建设，中国把坚持节约资源和保护环境作为一项基本国策。大力节约集约利用资源，推动资源利用方式根本转变，深化增量安排与消化存量挂钩机制，改革土地计划管理方式，倒逼各省（区、市）下大力气盘活存量。严格土地使用标准控制，先后组织开展了公路、工业、光伏、机场等用地标准的制修订工作，严格依据标准审核建设项目土地使用情况。开展节约集约用地考核评价，大力推广节地技术和节地模式。积极推动矿业绿色发展。加大绿色矿山建设力度，全面建立和实施矿产资源开采利用最低指标和“领跑者”指标管理制度，发布360项矿产资源节约和综合利用先进适用技术。加强海洋资源用途管制，除国家重大项目外，全面禁止围填海。积极推进围填海历史遗留问题区域生态保护修复，严格保护自然岸线。
Pushing for the economical and intensive use of natural resources. To further ecological progress, China has designated conserving resources and protecting the environment as a fundamental national policy. To achieve the economical and intensive use of natural resources, it has:
• pursued fundamental changes in the way of using resources and pressured all PARMs to put their existing resources to good use by improving the mechanism for coordinating the consumption of existing resources and the arrangements for additional resources, and by reforming the way of managing land use plans.
• imposed strict controls on land use through standards, having organized the formulation and revision of land use standards for highways, industries, photovoltaic (PV) projects, and airports and strictly reviewed the land use of construction projects in accordance with the standards.
• carried out assessment and evaluation on economical and intensive land use and worked hard to popularize land-saving technologies and models.
• driven the green development of the mining industry and intensified efforts to develop eco-friendly mines by establishing and implementing index management systems for the minimum exploitation and use of mineral resources and for the evaluation of “Frontrunners”. It has released 360 advanced and applicable technologies for the conservation and comprehensive use of mineral resources.
• strengthened regulation and control over the use of marine resources and prohibited all coastal reclamation activities except those for major national projects.
• promoted the protection and restoration of ecosystems in areas with problems carried over from reclamation activities of the past and strictly protected natural shorelines.
积极探索低碳发展新模式。中国积极探索低碳发展模式，鼓励地方、行业、企业因地制宜探索低碳发展路径，在能源、工业、建筑、交通等领域开展绿色低碳相关试点示范，初步形成了全方位、多层次的低碳试点体系。中国先后在10个省（市）和77个城市开展低碳试点工作，在组织领导、配套政策、市场机制、统计体系、评价考核、协同示范和合作交流等方面探索低碳发展模式和制度创新。试点地区碳排放强度下降幅度总体快于全国平均水平，形成了一批各具特色的低碳发展模式。
Actively exploring new, low-carbon models of development. China has actively explored low-carbon models of development. It has encouraged local governments, industries, and enterprises to explore low-carbon paths to development based on their individual conditions, and launched pilots and demonstrations on green and low-carbon development in fields such as energy, industry, construction, and transport, thus shaping a basic comprehensive and multi-tiered system for low-carbon piloting. It has launched low-carbon pilots in 10 provincial-level units and 77 cities, and explored low-carbon models of development and institutional innovations in respects including organizational leadership, support policies, market mechanisms, statistical systems, evaluation and assessment, coordination and demonstration, and cooperation and exchanges. The carbon intensity of these pilot areas has fallen faster than the national average, and a number of low-carbon models of development with distinctive features have emerged.
加大温室气体排放控制力度
Tightening Control over Greenhouse Gas Emissions
China has incorporated climate action into every aspect of its overall strategy for economic and social development. It has taken active steps to control greenhouse gas emissions in key industries, and promote green and low-carbon development in urban and rural construction and the building sector. It has worked to develop a green and low-carbon transport system and reduce non-carbon dioxide emissions. It has taken a coordinated approach to the governance of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and deserts, and strictly implemented relevant measures to enhance its biological carbon sink capacity.
有效控制重点工业行业温室气体排放。强化钢铁、建材、化工、有色金属等重点行业能源消费及碳排放目标管理，实施低碳标杆引领计划，推动重点行业企业开展碳排放对标活动，推行绿色制造，推进工业绿色化改造。加强工业过程温室气体排放控制，通过原料替代、改善生产工艺、改进设备使用等措施积极控制工业过程温室气体排放。加强再生资源回收利用，提高资源利用效率，减少资源全生命周期二氧化碳排放。
Controlling greenhouse gas emissions in key industries. China has:
• strengthened the management of targets for energy consumption and carbon emissions in key industries, including the iron & steel, building material, chemical, and non-ferrous metal sectors.
• carried out low-carbon demonstration projects and benchmarking campaigns to reduce carbon emissions in those industries.
• advanced green manufacturing and the transformation of industries towards green development.
• tightened control over greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes through substituting raw materials, improving production techniques, and updating equipment utilization.
• increased the recycling and utilization of renewable resources for higher resource utilization efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions in the whole life cycle of resources.
推动城乡建设领域绿色低碳发展。建设节能低碳城市和相关基础设施，以绿色发展引领乡村振兴。推广绿色建筑，逐步完善绿色建筑评价标准体系。开展超低能耗、近零能耗建筑示范。推动既有居住建筑节能改造，提升公共建筑能效水平，加强可再生能源建筑应用。大力开展绿色低碳宜居村镇建设，结合农村危房改造开展建筑节能示范，引导农户建设节能农房，加快推进中国北方地区冬季清洁取暖。
Promoting green and low-carbon development in urban and rural construction. China is building energy-saving and low-carbon cities and infrastructure and boosting rural revitalization through green development. It has:
• encouraged the construction of eco-friendly buildings and improved relevant assessment standard systems.
• carried out demonstration programs for cities with ultra-low and nearly zero energy consumption.
• promoted energy-saving renovation of existing buildings and improved the energy efficiency of public buildings.
• facilitated the application of renewable energy in the building sector.
• taken measures to build green and low-carbon villages and towns, encouraging farmers to build energy-saving houses through energy efficiency demonstration projects during the process of renovating dilapidated rural housing, and accelerating the use of clean energy for winter heating in northern China.
构建绿色低碳交通体系。调整运输结构，减少大宗货物公路运输量，增加铁路和水路运输量。以“绿色货运配送示范城市”建设为契机，加快建立“集约、高效、绿色、智能”的城市货运配送服务体系。提升铁路电气化水平，推广天然气车船，完善充换电和加氢基础设施，加大新能源汽车推广应用力度，鼓励靠港船舶和民航飞机停靠期间使用岸电。完善绿色交通制度和标准，发布相关标准体系、行动计划和方案，在节能减碳等方面发布了221项标准，积极推动绿色出行，已有100多个城市开展了绿色出行创建行动，每年在全国组织开展绿色出行宣传月和公交出行宣传周活动。加快交通燃料替代和优化，推动交通排放标准与油品标准升级，通过信息化手段提升交通运输效率。
Developing a green and low-carbon transportation system. China has taken the following measures:
• adjusted the mix of transport by increasing the proportion of rail and water transport for bulk goods and decreasing that of highway transport.
• launched a project to build “model cities of green freight distribution”, as part of the efforts to accelerate the establishment of an intensive, efficient, green, and smart urban freight distribution system.
• expanded the electrification of railways and promoted the use of natural gas vehicles and vessels, with improved electric charging and hydrogen fueling infrastructure to facilitate the use of new energy vehicles (NEVs) and encourage anchored ships and parked civil aircraft to use shore power.
• improved institutions and standards for green transportation by launching relevant standards, action plans and solutions. It has published 221 standards on energy-saving and carbon reduction.
• encouraged green travel, with more than 100 cities joining the campaign to advocate green travel, and annual nation-wide publicity month for green travel and publicity week for public transit.
• accelerated the substitution and optimization of transport fuels and upgraded the standards on transport emissions and oil products.
• improved transport efficiency through the application of information technology.
推动非二氧化碳温室气体减排。中国历来重视非二氧化碳温室气体排放，在《国家应对气候变化规划（2014－2020年）》及控制温室气体排放工作方案中都明确了控制非二氧化碳温室气体排放的具体政策措施。自2014年起对三氟甲烷（HFC-23）的处置给予财政补贴。截至2019年，共支付补贴约14.17亿元，累计削减6.53万吨HFC-23，相当于减排9.66亿吨二氧化碳当量。严格落实《消耗臭氧层物质管理条例》和《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》，加大环保制冷剂的研发，积极推动制冷剂再利用和无害化处理。引导企业加快转换为采用低全球增温潜势（GWP）制冷剂的空调生产线，加速淘汰氢氯氟碳化物（HCFCs）制冷剂，限控氢氟碳化物（HFCs）的使用。成立“中国油气企业甲烷控排联盟”，推进全产业链甲烷控排行动。中国接受《〈关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书〉基加利修正案》，保护臭氧层和应对气候变化进入新阶段。
Reducing non-carbon dioxide emissions. China attaches importance to the reduction of non-carbon dioxide emissions, and has introduced specific policies and measures in the National Plan on Climate Change (2014-2020) and the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The Chinese government has:
• offered subsidies for the handling of HFC-23 since 2014. As of 2019, subsidies worth RMB1.4 billion yuan had been paid, reducing 65,300 tonnes of HFC-23, equivalent to 966 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.
• stepped up the development of environmentally friendly refrigerants and actively promoted the reuse and harmless treatment of refrigerants, in strict accordance with the Regulations on the Management of Ozone-Depleting Substances and the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer.
• supported enterprises to employ air-conditioner production lines using low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, phase out hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants, and limit the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
• set up an alliance of Chinese oil and gas enterprises to advance methane emission control across the industry chain.
• accepted the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, representing a new stage in protecting the ozone layer and addressing climate change in the country.
持续提升生态碳汇能力。统筹推进山水林田湖草沙系统治理，深入开展大规模国土绿化行动，持续实施三北、长江等防护林和天然林保护，东北黑土地保护，高标准农田建设，湿地保护修复，退耕还林还草，草原生态修复，京津风沙源治理，荒漠化、石漠化综合治理等重点工程。稳步推进城乡绿化，科学开展森林抚育经营，精准提升森林质量，积极发展生物质能源，加强林草资源保护，持续增加林草资源总量，巩固提升森林、草原、湿地生态系统碳汇能力。构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，正式设立第一批5个国家公园，开展自然保护地整合优化。建立健全生态保护修复制度体系，统筹编制生态保护修复规划，实施蓝色海湾整治行动、海岸带保护修复工程、渤海综合治理攻坚战行动、红树林保护修复专项行动。开展长江干流和主要支流两侧、京津冀周边和汾渭平原重点城市、黄河流域重点地区等重点区域历史遗留矿山生态修复，在青藏高原、黄河、长江等7大重点区域布局生态保护和修复重大工程，支持25个山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点。出台社会资本参与整治修复的系列文件，努力建立市场化、多元化生态修复投入机制。中国提出的“划定生态保护红线，减缓和适应气候变化案例”成功入选联合国“基于自然的解决方案”全球15个精品案例，得到了国际社会的充分肯定和高度认可。
Enhancing biological carbon sink capacity. China has done the following:
• taken a coordinated approach to conserving the mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and deserts, and carried out large-scale land afforestation. Efforts have continued on key projects, including protecting shelterbelts and natural forests, especially those in northwest, northeast and northern China and along the Yangtze River, conserving chernozem soils in northeast China, building high-quality farmland, protecting and restoring wetlands, returning cropland back to forests and grasslands, restoring grasslands, controlling the sources of dust storms affecting Beijing and Tianjin, and comprehensively addressing desertification and stony desertification.
• achieved steady progress in urban and rural greening and improved the carbon sink capacity of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other ecosystems by tending and managing forests in a science-based approach, taking targeted measures to improve the quality of forests, developing biomass energy, strengthening the protection of forest and grassland resources, and increasing their total volume.
• developed a PA system composed mainly of national parks and established its first five national parks as part of the efforts to integrate and optimize nature reserves.
• introduced an ecological protection and restoration system, formulated relevant plans, and carried out the Blue Bay environmental improvement initiative, the coastal belts protection and restoration project, the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea region’s water environment, and a special action for mangrove conservation and restoration.
• carried out ecological restoration of abandoned mines in key areas, such as both sides of the main stream and major tributaries of the Yangtze River, key cities around the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and in the Fenwei Plains, and key regions in the Yellow River basin.
• implemented major projects for ecological conservation and restoration in seven key areas, including the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Yellow River, and the Yangtze River.
• supported 25 trials to conserve and restore the ecosystems of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, and grasslands.
• issued a series of documents to encourage private capital to participate in ecological conservation and restoration, in an effort to establish a market-based and diversified investment mechanism.
China’s proposal – Drawing a “Red Line” for Ecological Protection to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change – has been selected by the UN as one of the 15 best Nature-based Solutions around the globe.
充分发挥市场机制作用
Giving Full Play to the Role of the Market
The carbon market provides an effective approach to managing the relationship between economic development and carbon emissions reduction. The national carbon emissions trading market (national carbon market) is a major institutional innovation that uses market mechanisms to control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote green and low-carbon development. It is also an important policy tool for China to reach peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
开展碳排放权交易试点工作。碳市场可将温室气体控排责任压实到企业，利用市场机制发现合理碳价，引导碳排放资源的优化配置。2011年10月，碳排放权交易地方试点工作在北京、天津、上海、重庆、广东、湖北、深圳7个省、市启动。2013年起，7个试点碳市场陆续开始上线交易，覆盖了电力、钢铁、水泥20多个行业近3000家重点排放单位。截至2021年9月30日，7个试点碳市场累计配额成交量4.95亿吨二氧化碳当量，成交额约119.78亿元。试点碳市场重点排放单位履约率保持较高水平，市场覆盖范围内碳排放总量和强度保持双降趋势，有效促进了企业温室气体减排，强化了社会各界低碳发展的意识。碳市场地方试点为全国碳市场建设摸索了制度，锻炼了人才，积累了经验，奠定了基础，为全国碳市场建设积累了宝贵经验。
Carrying out pilot programs on carbon emissions trading. The carbon market institutions motivate companies to commit to curbing their emissions and use market-based instruments to price carbon reasonably, thus better allocating carbon emission resources. Starting from October 2011, seven provinces and municipalities – Beijing, Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Tianjin – were selected to pilot projects for carbon emissions trading. Since 2013, seven local-level pilot carbon markets have been launched, covering nearly 3,000 key emissions companies in more than 20 industries, including power, steel, and cement. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume of the seven pilot carbon markets had reached 495 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, representing a value of approximately RMB12 billion. Major emitters in the pilot carbon markets have maintained a relatively high level of compliance rate, with both volume and intensity of carbon emissions within the market coverage maintaining a downward trend. This has given a significant boost to enterprises’ contribution to emissions reduction, and raised the awareness of low-carbon development in all sectors of society. The local-level pilot projects have accumulated valuable experience for the launch of the national carbon market in terms of providing institutional references and training personnel.
持续推进全国碳市场制度体系建设。制度体系是推进碳市场建设的重要保障，为更好地推进完善碳交易市场，先后印发《全国碳排放权交易市场建设方案（发电行业）》，出台《碳排放权交易管理办法（试行）》，印发全国碳市场第一个履约周期配额分配方案。2021年以来，陆续发布了企业温室气体排放报告、核查技术规范和碳排放权登记、交易、结算三项管理规则，初步构建起全国碳市场制度体系。积极推动《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例》立法进程，夯实碳排放权交易的法律基础，规范全国碳市场运行和管理的各重点环节。
Building a national carbon market system. Systems are key in advancing carbon market development. To better regulate the carbon market, the Chinese government promulgated the National Carbon Emissions Trading Market Construction Plan (Power Generation Industry), Measures for the Administration of Carbon Emissions Trading (for Trial Implementation), and a quota allocation plan for the national carbon market in the first compliance period. In 2021, with the release of guidelines for accounting and reporting corporate greenhouse gas emissions and three sets of management rules for carbon emission rights regarding registration, trading, and settlement, a basic national carbon market system was established. The legislative process has moved forward on the Interim Rules on the Administration of Carbon Emissions Trading, which consolidated the legal basis for carbon emissions trading, and ensured standardized operation and management in the key links of the national carbon market.
启动全国碳市场上线交易。2021年7月16日，全国碳市场上线交易正式启动。纳入发电行业重点排放单位2162家，覆盖约45亿吨二氧化碳排放量，是全球规模最大的碳市场。全国碳市场上线交易得到国内国际高度关注和积极评价。截至2021年9月30日，全国碳市场碳排放配额累计成交量约1765万吨，累计成交金额约8.01亿元，市场运行总体平稳有序。
Launching the national carbon market. On July 16, 2021, the national carbon market started online trading. A total of 2,162 power generation companies were involved, representing 4.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, making this the world’s largest emissions trading system. The launch attracted great attention and positive comments in China and elsewhere. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume in the market had reached 17.65 million tonnes, with turnover of RMB801 million. In general, the operation of the market has been stable and orderly.
建立温室气体自愿减排交易机制。为调动全社会自觉参与碳减排活动的积极性，体现交易主体的社会责任和低碳发展需求，促进能源消费和产业结构低碳化，2012年，中国建立温室气体自愿减排交易机制。截至2021年9月30日，自愿减排交易累计成交量超过3.34亿吨二氧化碳当量，成交额逾29.51亿元，国家核证自愿减排量（CCER）已被用于碳排放权交易试点市场配额清缴抵销或公益性注销，有效促进了能源结构优化和生态保护补偿。
Establishing a greenhouse gas voluntary emission reduction program. The China Greenhouse Gas Voluntary Emission Reduction Program was established in 2012. Its goals are to encourage the whole of society to participate in emissions reduction activities, ensure that the transaction entities fulfill their social responsibilities, pursue a low-carbon development path, and promote a low-carbon industrial structure and low-carbon energy consumption. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume of greenhouse gas voluntary emission reduction had exceeded 334 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, with turnover approaching RMB3 billion. China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) has been introduced to pilot markets in offsetting carbon emissions, or writing off emissions occurred for public welfare purposes, effectively optimizing China’s national energy mix and its compensation mechanism for eco-environmental conservation.
增强适应气候变化能力
Reinforcing Ability to Adapt to Climate ChangeDue to ecological and environmental constraints, limitations imposed by the industrial structure, and the level of social and economic development, developing countries are generally weaker in terms of their ability to adapt to climate change, and are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change than developed countries. China is a climate sensitive region, and has witnessed a profound impact. Regarding adaptation as a major component in executing the national strategy for actively responding to climate change, the Chinese government has promoted and implemented major adaptation strategies, launching adaptation actions in key areas and sectors, and strengthening monitoring, early warning, and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities.
推进和实施适应气候变化重大战略。为统筹开展适应气候变化工作，2013年，中国制定了国家适应气候变化战略，明确了2014年至2020年国家适应气候变化工作的指导思想和原则、主要目标，制定实施基础设施、农业、水资源、海岸带和相关海域、森林和其他生态系统、人体健康、旅游业和其他产业七大重点任务等。2020年，中国启动编制《国家适应气候变化战略2035》，着力加强统筹指导和沟通协调，强化气候变化影响观测评估，提升重点领域和关键脆弱区域适应气候变化能力。
Pressing ahead with major national strategies to improve climate resilience. In order to carry out the climate adaptation related work in a coordinated way, China formulated the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation in 2013, identifying guidelines, principles, and main targets of this undertaking from 2014 to 2020, and supervised the formulation and implementation of seven major tasks involving infrastructure, agriculture, water resources, coastal zone and related sea areas, forests and other ecosystems, human health, tourism and other industries. In 2020, China started the preparation of the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation 2035, which focused on overall guidance, communication, coordination, strengthening observation and assessment of climate change impacts, and improving the ability of major sectors and key vulnerable regions to adapt to climate change.
开展重点区域适应气候变化行动。在城市地区，制定城市适应气候变化行动方案，开展海绵城市以及气候适应型城市试点，提升城市基础设施建设的气候韧性，通过城市组团式布局和绿廊、绿道、公园等城市绿化环境建设，有效缓解城市热岛效应和相关气候风险，提升国家交通网络对低温冰雪、洪涝、台风等极端天气适应能力。在沿海地区，组织开展年度全国海平面变化监测、影响调查与评估，严格管控围填海，加强滨海湿地保护，提高沿海重点地区抵御气候变化风险能力。在其他重点生态地区，开展青藏高原、西北农牧交错带、西南石漠化地区、长江与黄河流域等生态脆弱地区气候适应与生态修复工作，协同提高适应气候变化能力。
Launching climate change adaptation actions in key regions. In urban areas, action plan for cities to adapt to climate change has been formulated, and pilot projects for “sponge cities” and climate-adaptive cities have been carried out to improve the resilience of urban infrastructure. The urban cluster configuration and urban afforestation efforts such as corridors, greenways, and parks have effectively alleviated the urban heat island (UHI) effect and other climate risks, and improved the national transport network’s ability to adapt to extreme weather conditions such as unusually high or low levels of rain or snow, temperature fluctuations, typhoons, and other phenomena. In coastal areas, nationwide sea level change monitoring and surveys and assessments have been carried out annually, and land reclamation from the sea has been strictly regulated. The government has strengthened protection of coastal wetland, and improved the ability of key coastal areas to deal with climate change risks. In other key eco-environmental areas including ecologically fragile areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, transition areas between cropland and grassland in the northwest, stony deserts in the southwest, and the Yangtze River and the Yellow River basins, China has carried out climate adaption and ecological restoration efforts to improve the overall ability to adapt to climate change.
推进重点领域适应气候变化行动。在农业领域，加快转变农业发展方式，推进农业可持续发展，启动实施东北地区秸秆处理等农业绿色发展五大行动，提升农业减排固碳能力。大力研发推广防灾减灾增产、气候资源利用等农业气象灾害防御和适应新技术，完成农业气象灾害风险区划5000多项。在林业和草原领域，因地制宜、适地适树科学造林绿化，优化造林模式，培育健康森林，全面提升林业适应气候变化能力。加强各类林地的保护管理，构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，实施草原保护修复重大工程，恢复和增强草原生态功能。在水资源领域，完善防洪减灾体系，加强水利基础设施建设，提升水资源优化配置和水旱灾害防御能力。实施国家节水行动，建立水资源刚性约束制度，推进水资源消耗总量和强度双控，提高水资源集约节约利用水平。在公众健康领域，组织开展气候变化健康风险评估，提升中国适应气候变化保护人群健康能力。启动实施“健康环境促进行动”，开展气候敏感性疾病防控工作，加强应对气候变化卫生应急保障。
Promoting climate change adaptation actions in key sectors. In the agricultural sector, China has promoted sustainable agricultural development by transforming agricultural growth models. Capacity for agricultural emissions reduction and carbon sequestration has been strengthened thanks to the implementation of five major agricultural green development actions in Northeast China, including straw processing. The government has made every effort to develop and promote new technologies for the prevention and adaptation of agrometeorological disasters, such as those related to preventing and mitigating disaster, increasing production, and utilizing climate resources. It has completed more than 5,000 exercises in agrometeorological disaster risk zoning. In forestry and grassland, afforestation and greening efforts have been carried out scientifically in line with local conditions and suitable tree types. The optimized afforestation models guarantee forest health, thus comprehensively increasing the ability of forestry to adapt to climate change. The government has strengthened the protection and management of various types of forest lands, built a nature reserve system with a focus on national parks, implemented major grassland protection and restoration projects, and restored and reinforced grassland ecological functions. In the water resources sector, China has improved the flood prevention and disaster reduction system, strengthened the construction of water conservancy infrastructure, and optimized the allocation of water resources to prevent floods and droughts. In order to control the total amount and intensity of water consumption and ensure its intensive and economical use, nationwide water-saving campaigns have been launched and a rigid restraint system has been established. In the public health sector, the government has organized and carried out climate change related health risk assessment, and worked to improve the country’s ability to protect public health in the context of climate change. China has launched Healthy Environment Promotion Action, carried out prevention and control of climate-sensitive diseases, and reinforced safeguards in response to the climate change health emergency.
强化监测预警和防灾减灾能力。强化自然灾害风险监测、调查和评估，完善自然灾害监测预警预报和综合风险防范体系。建立了全国范围内多种气象灾害长时间序列灾情数据库，完成国家级精细化气象灾害风险预警业务平台建设。建立空天地一体化的自然灾害综合风险监测预警系统，定期发布全国自然灾害风险形势报告。发布综合防灾减灾规划，指导气候变化背景下防灾减灾救灾工作。实施自然灾害防治九项重点工程建设，推动自然灾害防治能力持续提升，重点加强强对流天气、冰川灾害、堰塞湖等监测预警和会商研判。发挥国土空间规划对提升自然灾害防治能力的基础性作用。实现基层气象防灾减灾标准化全国县（区）全覆盖。
Strengthening monitoring, early warning and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities. Systems for natural disaster risk monitoring, investigation and assessment, early warning and forecasting, and comprehensive risk prevention have been optimized. China has established a nationwide long-term sequences disaster database for various meteorological disasters, and completed a national-level refined meteorological disaster risk early warning service platform. With the establishment of a comprehensive system that integrates air, space and land, China now publishes regular reports on national natural disaster risks. The government has promulgated national disaster prevention and mitigation plans to guide disaster prevention, mitigation and relief work in the context of climate change, carried out nine key projects for strengthening natural disaster prevention and control, monitoring, early warning, consultation and evaluation of severe convective weather, melting glaciers, and dammed lakes. Territorial space planning plays a key role in preventing and controlling natural disasters, and ensures that local-level meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation standards apply to all counties (districts) across the country.
持续提升应对气候变化支撑水平
Increasing Support for Addressing Climate Change
中国高度重视应对气候变化支撑保障能力建设，不断完善温室气体排放统计核算体系，发挥绿色金融重要作用，提升科技创新支撑能力，积极推动应对气候变化技术转移转化。
China attaches great importance to developing support capacity to address climate change. It has continuously improved the statistical and accounting system for greenhouse gas emissions, given a key role to green finance, and leveraged the supporting role of scientific and technological innovation to promote the transfer and application of climate change technologies.
完善温室气体排放统计核算体系。建立健全温室气体排放基础统计制度，提出涵盖气候变化及影响等5大类36个指标的应对气候变化统计指标体系，在此基础上构建应对气候变化统计报表制度，持续对统计报表进行整体更新与修订。编制国家温室气体清单，在已提交中华人民共和国气候变化初始国家信息通报的基础上，提交两次国家信息通报和两次两年更新报告。推动企业温室气体排放核算和报告，印发24个行业企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南，组织开展企业温室气体排放报告工作。碳达峰碳中和工作领导小组办公室设立碳排放统计核算工作组，加快完善碳排放统计核算体系。
Improving the statistical and accounting systems of greenhouse gas emissions. China has established and improved a basic statistical system for measuring greenhouse gas emissions. It has proposed a statistical indicator system on climate change response involving 36 indicators grouped into 5 categories, including climate change and impact. It has launched a statistical report on climate change response on this basis, and continued to update and revise the report. It has compiled a greenhouse gas inventory, and submitted two national reports and two two-year update reports based on the Initial National Report on Climate Change of the People’s Republic of China. The government has urged enterprises to improve their accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, issued appropriate guidelines for 24 industries, and organized companies to prepare greenhouse gas emission reports. The Office of the Leading Group on Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality has formed a taskforce to speed up efforts to upgrade the carbon emission statistical and accounting system.
加强绿色金融支持。中国不断加大资金投入，支持应对气候变化工作。加强绿色金融顶层设计，先后在浙江、江西、广东、贵州、甘肃、新疆等六省（区）九地设立了绿色金融改革创新试验区，强化金融支持绿色低碳转型功能，引导试验区加快经验复制推广。出台气候投融资综合配套政策，统筹推进气候投融资标准体系建设，强化市场资金引导机制，推动气候投融资试点工作。大力发展绿色信贷，完善绿色债券配套政策，发布相关支持项目目录，有效引导社会资本支持应对气候变化。截至2020年末，中国绿色贷款余额11.95万亿元，其中清洁能源贷款余额为3.2万亿元，绿色债券市场累计发行约1.2万亿元，存量规模达8000亿元，位于世界第二。
Increasing green finance support. China continues to increase investment to support efforts to tackle climate change. It has improved the top-level design of green finance, and set up nine pilot zones for reform and innovation of green finance in six provincial-level administrative units, namely, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Xinjiang, and Zhejiang. It has strengthened financial support for green and low-carbon transformation, and encouraged pilot zones to introduce successful practices to more regions. It has introduced comprehensive support policies for climate investment and financing, and pressed for building a standard system accordingly. It has also strengthened market funding guidance and promoted pilot work in climate investment and financing. It has encouraged the development of green credit mechanisms, improved supporting policies for green bonds, and published a catalog of related supporting projects, effectively guiding private capital in addressing climate change. As of the end of 2020, China’s balance of green loans amounted to RMB11.95 trillion, of which the clean energy loan balance was RMB3.2 trillion. China has issued a total of about RMB1.2 trillion of green bonds, with roughly RMB800 billion outstanding, making it the world’s second-biggest green bond market.
强化科技创新支撑。科技创新在发现、揭示和应对气候变化问题中发挥着基础性作用，在推动绿色低碳转型中将发挥关键性作用。中国先后发布应对气候变化相关科技创新专项规划、技术推广清单、绿色产业目录，全面部署了应对气候变化科技工作，持续开展应对气候变化基础科学研究，强化智库咨询支撑，加强低碳技术研发应用。国家重点研发计划开展10余个应对气候变化科技研发重大专项，积极推广温室气体削减和利用领域143项技术的应用。鼓励企业牵头绿色技术研发项目，支持绿色技术成果转移转化，建立综合性国家级绿色技术交易市场，引导企业采用先进适用的节能低碳新工艺和技术。成立二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存（以下简称CCUS）创业技术创新战略联盟、CCUS专委会等专门机构，持续推动CCUS领域技术进步、成果转化。
Strengthening the role of scientific and technological innovation. Scientific and technological innovation plays a fundamental role in identifying, analyzing, and responding to issues related to climate change, and is set to play a crucial role in promoting the green and low-carbon transition. China has issued a series of climate change-related special plans for technological innovation, technology promotion lists, and green industry catalogs. The government has committed to basic scientific research on climate change, emphasized the consulting function of think tanks, and promoted the research, development, and application of low-carbon technologies. More than 10 major climate change-related research and development projects have been carried out, and the application of 143 technologies in the field of greenhouse gas reduction and utilization has been promoted under the national key research and development plan. The government has encouraged enterprises to take the lead in green technology research and development, supported the transfer and application of green technology achievements, established a comprehensive national-level green technology trading market, and guided enterprises to adopt advanced and applicable energy-saving and low-carbon new technologies. China has established a carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) entrepreneurial technology innovation strategic alliance, along with a special committee and other institutions, to promote technical progress and the application of scientific and technological achievements in the field.
供稿：外文出版社
编辑：袁帆
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