【印度】迪利普·嘉韦利 ▍诸神与星体传奇【节选】 ▍中外诗人同写“天文学”【总第六期】
印度电影《巴霍巴利王》
▍诸神与星体传奇 [节选]
迪利普·嘉韦利
沉闷者聒噪不停
跛行者翻山越岭
让一切得以发生的慈悲的人啊
我为你祈祷 向你致敬
最初大地平坦如书，七卷对应七大洲，其间为七大洋。彩虹有七色；音阶有七个；一周有七天。关于天上七大星体众说纷纭，其中一种传说如下：
七大洲被七大洋所包围。元初之洋在右、完末之洋在左，汇入无底天渊后融为一体，并从七大洲上漫溢而过。七大洲之最中央——即第四大洲的中心——为阎浮提，其上有“布拉哈特”[1]，即印度。它居于大洲正中心，正如音阶“Fa”之醇和中正，又如彩虹[2]的第四色永世长青。更好比太阳神苏利耶之战车[3]，唯中央第四匹之马首是瞻，它坚定稳健，司掌方向和速度。诞生于大地之上的人是有福的。其间群山耸峙、河流蜿蜒、湖泊星布、森林幽翳、殿堂辉煌，有众多朝圣之地，香客络绎不绝。
大地上的居民有四大种姓[4]。每一种姓中都有女性，而最初女性没有自己的权利，只能听从父兄和儿子的建议。这种格局极难改变，因而下文多指各阶层男性。最低种姓“首陀罗”为其它三个种姓服务，却并无报酬，因为他们所做的只是在“偿还前世业债”。他们往往一无所有，僻居村庄之外，屈从于更高阶层的命令，即使是强占自己妻子的要求也只能服从。他们必须打扫村落、运送禽畜尸体、在村中有人亡故时及时准备火化与葬礼场地。他们不得直视上层种姓人们的眼睛，否则将受到处罚。而上层种姓则并不需要提供惩罚他或其妻儿的理由。第三种姓“吠舍”包括商人和农牧场主，可根据自己财富多寡修建砖房、添置家具。但在此之前他们必须向更高阶层纳贡。得到恩许之后才能将富余产品交换或出售。他们被允许有偿借贷给贫困潦倒者。愿神祗保佑制定这项规则者多子多孙、牛羊成群、粮谷满仓。再上层是武士阶层“刹帝利”。他们食物充沛，又多经历练，因而体魄强健。他们可以狩猎并食用战利品。他们保卫着村庄、城镇甚至小王国的安全。当没有外敌入侵时，他们可以研习经卷，赌博、饮酒、逢场作戏寻欢作乐。对于这些活动的开销他们可以向更低阶层征税。由于他们肩负着戍卫的责任，故必须审理及制裁破坏规则者。在这一点上他们需要接受上层阶级的指示。只有前世积德行善、敬神礼佛、发心苦修者，才能投生到神圣的母胎中：这些“纯洁之人”须攻读古老典籍，学习诵经及清修，辨析先贤著作与言论的涵义。他们向“刹帝利”赋予权利与责任。他们不曾有所过失，也不会受到惩处。他们为人们举行各类仪典，并为此收取费用。他们可以走进任何人的屋子，拿取自己所需，而屋主必须遵从，或请求对方赦免。高种姓须将所掌握知识保密，只传授给最有责任感的得意门生。这个阶层重要的职能之一就是通过祷告和施药治疗各种疾病。当然酬劳必不可少，无论疾患是否治愈。因为受苦被认为是前世恶业造成，在出生之时便在星宿间记录在案。
那么我们现在要提到在全能天神加持下运行的星宿了，天神决定风的走向，包括我们发丝最微细的飘动，只要我们诚心念佛，天神便涤浊扬清、禳凶除恶，他们赐福于那些为我们解说星图、教授我们如何实施正确仪轨并佩戴幸运宝石的神职人员。我们付给这些圣者报酬并触摸他们的脚背，一切厄运都烟消云散。
七大星体围绕地球旋转，对一切形体负责——呼吸与波动着的、有生命和无生命的。它们是地球的仆从：参陀罗（月亮）[5]、曼伽罗[6]（雅完人[7]称火星）、菩多[8]（水星）、祈祷主[9]（又称“补里诃思婆提”意思是天神或“诸天”之导师）。舒伽罗[10]（金星）与“诸天”相对的阿修罗（即“非天”）之导师（北欧称芙蕾雅（Freyja），爱与美之神），极有可能由反对“诸天”的陀奴[11]所生。沙尼（土星）[12]乃邪恶之星，其命名来源于克洛诺斯[13]，宙斯的父亲。还有一大星体为苏利耶（太阳）[14]。
太阳自东向西围绕地球旋转，月亮也环绕地球，但轨迹是各种诡谲多变的椭圆形。曼伽罗是圣洁温和的良善之神，但如果命宫主星为曼伽罗则是危险的，代表配偶的早亡，除非曼伽罗也是对方的命宫主星。水星日（星期三）适合旅行，因此雅完人以众神的使者、穿着带翅膀鞋履的赫尔墨斯[15]之名命名了这一天。舒伽罗是阿修罗的导师，与天神斗智斗勇。他造诣极高，被圣贤所景仰，但被毗湿奴戳瞎了一只眼睛[16]，因为他试图阻止水从掌管三界的、虔诚的阿修罗王的圣瓶之口流出。但即使最虔诚的阿修罗也注定不能打败天神。当阿修罗王波利端着圣瓶时，曼伽罗藏在瓶中堵住了瓶口。故事开始于毗湿奴化身侏儒去恳求阿修罗王。答应他的请求后阿修罗王本应扬洒圣水以实现其愿望。舒伽罗试图阻止这一仪轨的完成。于是作为最高主神之一、无所不知的毗湿奴，便从祭坛上取下一根干稻草捅进了瓶口，捅瞎了舒伽罗的一只眼睛。阿修罗导师舒伽罗从此成了独眼龙。毗湿奴所变侏儒问阿修罗王要三步之地，阿修罗王准许了。于是毗湿奴现出真身，两步就迈过了天与地。当他踏出第三步时，波利用自己的头作了垫底，于是被踩到了地府。所以以舒伽罗命名的星期五是不祥的，而在路上遇到独眼龙也是恶兆。这一天不宜探险。也有人称这一天有利求财或桃花，但如果女性在这一天怀孕将会生女，因为舒伽罗有一个美丽的女儿。也有说周五宜豪饮食肉。邪恶的沙尼所司的周六为大凶，不宜外出，并且需要斋戒，以避免病从口入。这一天至少应有一餐断食。一周的最后一天由日神掌管，这一天缔约、结婚、举行宗教仪式都是吉庆的。这是应该努力工作的一天，收获劳动果实。这一天同房，将会喜得麟儿。
这就是一周七天如何在“天神”与“非天”掌控下运转，知晓与顺应天道的人将会获得现世的幸福，死后升入天堂。至于向婆罗门进献钱财、食物、牛、黄金与地产，则任意一天百无禁忌。人们必须慷慨对待他们——他们接近于神，即使借债或者牺牲生命也应万死不辞，向其进献便播下来生福分。一周七天敬仰天神和婆罗门，便免除了七世的地狱之苦。这是古人的智慧，需要虔诚地世代相传。
在这个关于星象与献礼的故事结束之前，我向至高无上的神献上一片草叶、一朵鲜花、一枚果实或一掬水，向婆罗门献上钱币与黄金。
译者注：
[1] Bharat：古代印度人使用“婆罗多的土地”来称呼他们居住的地方。“Bharat”是印度神话中的一位雅利安王。今日印度宪法使用两个词来定义其国家，一个是"India",一个是"Bharat",这在世界上是独一无二的。
[2] VIBGYOR 是彩虹七色首字母的组合，便于记忆：“violet”、“indigo”、“blue”、 “green”、“yellow”、“orange”、“red”（依次为：紫、青、蓝、绿、黄、橙、红）。
[3] 太阳神苏利耶的战车，有13对车轮，由七匹马拉。太阳神从梵天身体的一部分中诞生。在《梨俱吠陀》中描绘他全身发着刺眼的光芒，后来他的岳父毗首羯摩天利用他身体的一部分——一些闪过的碎片制作了毗湿奴神的飞轮、湿婆神的三叉戟等一系列诸神武器，现在位于孟加拉湾的科纳拉克太阳神神庙就是供奉苏利耶的，神庙的形状也是比照苏利耶的马车建造的。
[4] 印度种姓制度：最初分为四大种姓，即婆罗门（僧侣和学者）、刹帝利（武士和贵族）、吠舍（手工业者和商人）和首陀罗（农民、仆役）。种姓和种姓之间不能通婚（高种姓妇女不可以嫁给低种姓男子，但低种姓女子可以嫁给高种姓男子），不能交往。后来又在种姓之外分出一个社会地位最低的“贱民”阶层。
[5] 参陀罗（Chandra，月亮）：属性是三德中的萨埵性（善性）。月神参陀罗（意译“闪耀者”）等同于吠陀的月神苏摩。由于苏摩之名也特指植物中的汁液，因此月神也是植物主。他年轻俊美，两臂，一手拿莲花一手持棒槌，每晚坐在车上（月亮）穿过夜空，由十匹白马拉车。月亮主管星期一。
[6] 曼伽罗（Mangal，火星）：属性是三德中的答摩性（暗性）。战神曼伽罗是大地女神之子。他红肤、四臂，分别执着三叉戟、棒槌、莲花与长矛。他主管星期二。 据说有一次湿婆神全神贯注于冥想时，额头上的三滴汗水落在大地上。从汗水中生出一个极为美丽的婴儿，粉红色的皮肤，长有四只臂膀。湿婆将孩子交给大地女神抚养，他长大以后，到迦尸国境内进行了一场可怕的苦行以取悦湿婆。湿婆将火星界赐予了他。
[7] 根据《圣经》记载，挪亚的儿子闪、含、雅弗都生了儿子。雅弗的儿子是歌蔑、玛各、玛代、雅完、土巴、米设、提拉。歌蔑的儿子是亚实基拿、利法、陀迦玛。雅完的儿子是以利沙、他施、基提、多单。这些人的后裔，将各国的地土、海岛，分开居住，各随各的方言、宗族立国。(11：1-5) 希腊人或爱奥尼亚人是雅完的后裔。早期的爱奥尼亚人在赫梯人的记载中首次提到，为小亚细亚西部沿海地区的居民。这正是公元前一千五百多年，摩西撰写《创世记》的时候。在亚述碑文中，他们被称为雅乃（Jamnai）。
[8] 菩多（Budha，土星）：属性是三德中的罗阇性（优性）。水星是月亮与塔罗之子，他是商业之神，商人们的保护神。他温和，善于雄辩，微绿肤色，他一手拿短弯刀，一手拿棒槌，一手拿盾，第四手作赐福状。坐在一只生翼的狮子上，他还有一种形象拿着莲花与权杖。菩多主管星期三。菩多娶了第七摩奴之女伊罗，伊罗生子菩奴罗婆。
[9] 祈祷主（Guru，木星），又作Brihaspati。此词原意是精神导师。属性是三德中的萨埵性（善性）。他站在人类的立场上作为众神的祭司。在后期的印度神话中，他是提婆（天神）的导师，他金黄肤色，一手拿手杖，一手拿莲花，一手拿念珠，第四手作赐福状。祈祷主掌管星期四。 据湿婆往世书所说，祈祷主是大仙安耆罗娑之子，他有两个兄弟三个妻子。长妻舒波生七女；次妻塔罗生七子一女，第三个妻子摩摩多生两子。关于祈祷主妻子被抢一事见月神。
[10] 舒伽罗（Shukra，金星）：他是底提耶（底提之子）的训诫者，阿修罗的导师，属性是三德中的罗阇性（优性）。主星期五，舒伽罗意译为“慧净者”，他是大祭主步厉古之子，白肤，中年年纪。坐骑多种多样，或为马、骆驼，或为鳄鱼，舒伽罗的四手一手拿手杖，一手拿莲花，一手拿念珠，第四手作赐福状。有时手里也拿着弓与箭。舒伽罗曾在大仙安耆罗娑的门下学艺，但是安耆罗娑却偏坦自己的儿子补里诃思婆提，他于是去拜了大仙乔达摩门下。他后来向湿婆进行了一场惊人的苦行，湿婆赐他回生圣歌。在补里诃思婆提成为提婆们的导师之后，出于嫉妒，舒伽罗决定变成阿修罗的导师。他帮助阿修罗族打败了提婆，并用魔法让死去的阿修罗复生（苦行时湿婆赐的）。
[11] 陀奴（Danu）：仙人迦叶波（Kasyapa）之妻。迦叶波，“七仙人”（七位远古圣哲的统称，象征北斗七星）之一。百道梵书提供的名单是：乔答摩、婆罗堕遮、众友仙人、食火仙人、极裕仙人、迦叶波、阿低利。
[12] 沙尼（Shani，土星）：主星期六，属性是三德中的答摩性（暗性）。沙尼的名字来自于“缓行者”，土星绕日一周约要30年，比其它行星运行要慢，因此得名，沙尼事实上是半神，他是苏利耶与阇诃耶之子。据说当还是婴儿时的沙尼第一次张开眼时，太阳正处于日蚀状态，这很明白地表明了土星在占星术上的影响。沙尼肤色黝黑，着装也是黑色，手里分别握着剑，箭，两把匕首，坐骑为黑色的秃鹰或乌鸦。他又丑又老，长发，跛足。据说崇拜哈奴曼能在土星当道时免除不幸。在《罗摩衍那》中，罗波那抓住土星，哈奴曼救了他，作为报答，土星向哈奴曼许诺任何向哈奴曼祈祷的人，尤其是在星期六祷告，都能免除或削减土星当道所带来的不幸。
[13] 克洛诺斯（古希腊语：Κρόνος；拉丁语：Kronos），是古希腊神话中的第二代众神之王，原为第一代神王神后乌拉诺斯和盖亚的儿子，泰坦十二神中最年轻的一个。克洛诺斯推翻了他父亲乌拉诺斯的残暴统治后，领导了希腊神话中的黄金时代，直到他被他自己的儿子宙斯推翻之后。他和其他的泰坦神大多被关在地狱的塔尔塔罗斯之中。克洛诺斯在罗马的对应神，为罗马神话中的农神“萨图恩（Saturn）”。
[14] 苏利耶（太阳，Surya）：属性是三德中的萨埵性（善性）。他是迦叶波与阿底提之子，十二阿底提耶（阿底提之子）之一，也有版本说是因陀罗或狄奥斯匹塔之子，他金发金臂，战车由七匹马拉着，七马象征七脉轮。他主管星期天。湿婆教派与毗湿奴教派常将苏利耶视为湿婆和毗湿奴的其中一面，据湿婆教传说，苏利耶是湿婆的八大形态之一。 苏利耶在《梨俱吠陀》中就是三大主神之一的太阳神。另两位是雷神因陀罗与火神阿耆尼。
[15] 赫尔墨斯（希腊语：Ἑρμῆς、英语：Hermes），是古希腊神话中的商业、旅者、小偷和畜牧之神。也是众神的使者，奥林匹斯十二主神之一。是宙斯与阿特拉斯之女迈亚的儿子，罗马又称墨丘利。赫尔墨斯出生在阿耳卡狄亚的一个山洞里，最早是阿耳卡狄亚的神。奥林匹斯统一后，他成为宙斯的传旨者和信使。
[16] 传说毗湿奴神转世为婆罗门圣者婆摩那，婆摩那变成一个侏儒，去诱哄阿修罗王波利以救天神，想从阿修罗王手里取回三界。波利看他是一个矮子，于是同意可以给婆摩那跨越的三步之地。这一举动立即被舒伽罗识破，他随即警告国王，但波利是一个重承诺的人，他听了老师的警告后，还是将三界作为施舍送给了婆摩那，气恼的舒伽罗于是缩小身体坐在流水的瓶口，想阻止水流出，用这种方式封住阿修王对婆摩那的承诺。变成侏儒的毗湿奴立即明白了，他从地上拾起一根稻草插在瓶口，戳穿了舒伽罗的左眼，从此以后阿修罗的老师就成了半瞎。婆摩那得到阿修罗王三步之地的承诺后，马上摇身一变，变成一个参天巨人，前两步就垮过了天与地，波利见他的第三步无路可走，于是就用自己的头作了垫底，波利也因此让毗湿奴赞赏，获得了永生。
附原文：
THE LORES AND LEGENDS ABOUT THE PLANETS AND CELESTIAL ORBS
The dumb becomes garrulous
The lame scales mountains
To the blissful One with whose grace this happens
I proffer my prayers and salutations
To start with, the earth is flat like a book. The book has seven chapters that are the earth’s continents. The earth has seven seas. The earth has seven colour rainbows. The earth sings in seven tunes. The earth has a seven day week. The stories of the seven heavenly orbs are told in many ways and here are some of them.
The seven continents are bordered by seven seas. The first sea in the right and the last sea in the left fall down in the infinite abyss, become one and again spread over the seven continents. In the centre of the seven continents the fourth one is JAMBUDWEEP that contains BHARAT that is India. Being central it is mild like the fourth tune of music and is evergreen like the fourth colour of VIBGYOR. Like the fourth horse of the Sun’s chariot it is steady and guides the speed and direction of the other six horses. Lucky are those who are born in this land where there are many mountains, rivers, lakes, forests, palaces and places of pilgrimage.
This is the land where the four classes of humans follow their duties. The women of any class, to begin with have no rights but to accept what their fathers, husbands or sons advise them. This is not subject to change. So what follows is meant for men. The lowest class serves the other three without expecting any reward or payment because he is paying for the evil deeds of his previous birth. He owns nothing. He lives out of the village. He submits to the demands made by the upper class who may even ask to sleep with his wife. He has to clean the village, carry away the dead animals and keep the cremation place ready after anybody in the village dies and the last rites are to be performed. He is not supposed to look up into the eyes of the upper class men or women even when he is punished. The upper class have to give no reason to punish him or his progeny or his woman. Holy is the name of the lord. The third order of the class is of traders, farmers and cattle herders. These people can build their houses of brick and furnish them according to their wealth. They have to give their produce first to the uppermost class. After receiving the blessings they can trade the surplus for exchange or money. They can lend the money to the needy and earn profit. May the gods who made these rules bless them with a large progeny and ever increasing livestock and bumper harvests. The class above them is of warriors. They have to build their strong bodies by exercise and food. They can go for hunting and eat meat. They have to guard the village or town or the kingdom. When there is no attack by an enemy they can use their time in studying the holy books, go for hunting, gamble, drink intoxicating liquids or have correspondence with women of their wedlock or of their choice. For the expenses incurred for such activities they can ask the lower class of appropriate taxes. Since they have to protect they have to prosecute and punish any disobeyer. For such purpose they have to be guided by the uppermost class. Only those who have done good deeds in their previous births or have sacrificed to the gods or have done severe penance are born into the womb of the sacred mothers. These pure persons have to study old classics, learn the methods of prayer and penance, debate the meaning of words and sayings of the ancestors. They have to teach the warrior class of their duties and rights. They can do no wrong so nobody can punish them. They have to perform sacred rituals for which proper payment has to be made. They can go to any house and ask for what they need and the householder has to provide for. Otherwise they have to ask for their pardon. The upper class must keep their knowledge a secret. It should be passed on to the dutiful and favourite student only. One of the functions of this class is to treat various maladies with their uttering or medicines. For this a payment has to be made whether the ailment disappears or persists. After all every suffering is caused by the actions of the previous birth and what is decided by the planets at the time of his birth.
So now we come to the planets with the grace of almighty who has decided every direction of the wind and movement of our smallest hair and has power of removing all the evil if we pray and take the corrective measures for unfavourable planets by rewarding the priest who reads our horoscope and advises the right rituals and wearing the right stones as ornaments. By paying and touching the feet of the holy ones all your adversities will disappear.
The seven heavenly orbs that go around the earth have the responsibility to take care of all that breathes, stirs, lives or is nonliving. These servants of the earth are: MOON, MANGAL (CALLED ARIES BY THE YAVANS), BUDH (CALLED MERCURY BY THE LESSER YAVANS),GURU or BRIHASPATI meaning TEACHER OF GODS or SURAS (CALLED THOR BY IRILAS), SHUKRA THE TEACHER OF ANTIGODS-ASURAS (CALLED DIFFERENTLY AFTER FREYA, AN AMORIC GODDESS WORSHIPPED BY CILTAS,ALSO WORSHIPPERS OF SULIOS AND THEY WERE PERHAPS BORN OF DANU WHO WAS AGAINST SURAS), SATURN THE EVIL PLANET (YAVANS NAMED THE DAY AFTER CRONOS THE FATHER OF THEIR RAINGOD ZEUS),and SUN.
The Sun goes around the Earth in a circle from East to West. The Moon also goes around the Earth but in many cunning and elliptical ways. Mangal is a holy and kind god of good things. At the same time having Mangal as your birth god is dangerous because the early death of the wedding partner is assured unless Mangal is also the birth god of that partner. Budh is a good day for travel. That is why the Yavans named the day after their minor god HERMES who carries messages and has wings around the ankles. Shukra is the teacher of Asuras who played tricks against gods. Shukra was highly educated and was respected by the sages. He was blinded in one eye because he tried to block water from flowing from a sacred vessel held by Asura king Bali who was lord of the three worlds and was vey pious. But an Asura should not win over gods even with piety. He was holding the vessel with a nozzle and Shikra hid himself in the nozzle to block the flow. Vishnu had taken the form of a dwarf child to ask for alms from Bali. If after saying yes to his request Bali would have sprinkled the water the wish of Vishnu would have been granted. Shukra wanted to prevent this ritual. Vishnu, the supreme God who knows everything wanted to remove the blockade and took a blade of dry grass from the sacred sacrifice and pushed it into the nozzle. It pierced one eye and since then Shukra became one-eyed teacher of Asuras. Vishnu had demanded three footsteps of earth from Bali that was granted. Vishnu took his cosmic form immediately and within two steps had the earth and sky. For the third step Bali offered his head on which Vishnu put his mighty foot and pushed Bali into the underworld where people go after their death. So the day name after Shukra is not auspicious like meeting a one-eyed man on your way is ominous. One should not start any venture on this day. Some say that this day brings much wealth and some say that this day is good for sexual pleasure but if the woman conceives she will deliver a daughter because Shukra had a beautiful daughter. Some say that one can have intoxicating drinks and meat on this day. The day ruled by Shani who is Evil incarnate is a very bad day. One should not leave the house on that day and observe a fast to prevent any illness brought by food. At least one should curtail one meal. The last day of the week is ruled by Sun. It is an auspicious day for starting journey, business, marriage or religious function. This is the day when man should work hard and earn the fruit of his labour. Sleeping and having sex with a woman on this day will bring about birth of a son to the householder.
So this is how the week is under the control of gods and anti-gods. One who understands this and acts accordingly will find happiness here and in heaven. Every day of the week is good for giving money, food, cow, gold and house to a Brahmin. One must be generous to these Brahmins who are next to gods and should not hesitate even entering a debt or give their life for the wish of theirs. By giving one assures receiving great boons in the next life. So worship gods and Brahmins for the seven days of every week and save your seven generations from going to hell. This is the wisdom of the ancients and one should pass it on with devotion from one generation to another.
Before ending the worshipful tale of the planets I offer a leaf, flower, fruit or water to the supreme God and coins and gold to the BRAHMINS.
迪利普·嘉韦利（DILEEP JHAVERI）:
1943年4月3日出生于印度孟买。国际著名诗人、资深编辑、剧作家及翻译家。著有古吉拉特语诗集《般度王之诗及其它》《众韵之诗》、英语诗集《迷雾初敛》、《火以多脚本书写》、《幻术与奇迹》、《明漪》（后由Gabriel Rosenstock译为爱尔兰语）、散文集《三面窗户的房子》、戏剧《毗耶娑之一息》（取材自史诗《摩诃婆罗多》）。译著有古吉拉特语当代诗选《吐气如辞》（英译）等。荣获“批评家奖”、“ 古吉拉特文学协会诗歌奖”、“ Jayant Pathak奖”、金奈图书博览会“ 卡鲁纳尼迪奖”等。作品被译为英语、日语、爱尔兰语、马来西亚语及罗马尼亚语等。应邀参加“亚洲诗人大会”及“南亚文学协会年会”（费城）、赴美国乔治敦大学、长岛大学、威廉帕特森大学等多家世界名校讲学。
延伸阅读：