【国际性别平等年】以色列诗人吉莉•哈莫维什：疫情影响让全球女性地位后退几十年（总第5期）

主持人语：

2021年的今天，“性别平等”在各国处于怎样的历史阶段？女性的人身、财产、福祉和尊严是否得到了应有的保障？婚姻对于女性的提升、保护与助力是否大于负担和危机？传统家庭职能划分，例如家政与育儿，是否使进入婚姻的女性丧失了部分择业自由、时间自由以及遭遇被迫的消费降级？世界各国的主流媒体上，是否还存在“物化女性”“刻板印象”“外貌/身材/年龄/单身羞辱”？一个社会整容业发达与否，是审美追求上升的标志，还是集体无意识下父权驱动所带来的舆论压力与身体自主权剥夺的指针？性别与职场专业性有无关联？如何看待社会环境下性别话语权的天然分配？是否曾经历不同程度的“父权规训”和“爹味说教”？何谓“阳刚之气”？所谓“女性气质”是否社会意义上的“次等气质”？

由百科诗派发起的“2021国际性别平等年”圆桌论坛于2021年农历大年初一正式启动！我们邀请了来自美国、加拿大、英国、法国、瑞典、爱尔兰、意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙、澳大利亚、阿根廷、芬兰、希腊、罗马尼亚等几十位诗人参与了问卷调查，其中既包括对于各国性别生态有着切身感受的女性诗人，也包括支持和对于性别平等的实现与女性福祉的完善感兴趣的男性诗人。我们针对女性诗人的A套问卷和针对男性诗人的B套问卷分别包括9个问题，可全部回答或选择作答。

让我们摒弃偏见与成见，秉持开放、公正、客观、理性的心态，一起聆听来自世界各国诗人、艺术家的声音。

“百科诗派：2021国际性别平等年圆桌论坛”发起人 殷晓媛

问：请问你如何评价以色列社会性别平等现状？女性是否已享有较为公平的职业机会？ 是否保障了同工同酬以及均衡的社会福利？女性的财产权在家庭内外是否能得到保障？女性是否通过自身努力实现财务自由，家庭主妇地位如何？女性是否经常被问到“如何平衡工作与家庭”一类有性别倾向的问题？ 女性从法国历史上一直发展到当前阶段，社会角色是否有所转换？例如社会空间是否存在明显的“男性凝视”？电视广告及户外广告等各类媒体是否仍存在“刻板印象”和“外貌羞辱”？作为女性是否曾经历同侪之间的“男性说教”？ 

Q: Do you think gender equality has been achieved in your country? Do women have equal career opportunities currently? Equal pay and social welfare? Do they always have financial security and freedom of choice, especially house wives? Are the professional women usually questioned about their family responsibilities? What is the traditional and current work roles? What kind of judgement from men have you witnessed? Stereotypes in society, ads and posters? Body shame? Mansplaining from colleagues?

Gili Haimovich:

On the surface, gender equality can seem as if it is achieved in Israel. At least for woman who don’t belong to orthodox religious communities, either Jewish or Muslim. Israel was one of the very first countries to have a woman prime minister already in 1969, Golda Meir was her name, women have freedom of speech and occupation and seen on the news and in the government, though still less than men. A closer look reveals complexities in womens’ status and rights. 

Women still hit a glass ceiling with how far their career can go, while men hold more key positions and earn more. There is a majority of women that work as cashiers, cleaners and nurses and are underpaid. It’s still very unlikely to find women working in “menly" labor jobs such as bus drivers, electricians or builders. Even in seemingly open-minded fields, such as the literary world, show-business, academia and media, there are still more men in decision making positions. But not only that, they can abuse their position for sexual harassment of women and some will still hold their jobs, having society’s permission to do so. 

Professional women, as successful as they may be, often keep a dual duty for both their work and family, being the primary caregiver of the children. As far as housework goes, there’s maybe more progress, but not because men necessarily do them, but because outsourcing is popular for house maintenance. Hiring people to do it for you is more common, for those who can afford it. The expectation of women to be solely in-charge of the children is held by teachers, pediatricians, as well as other parents and so forth. They almost always communicate only with the mothers in regards to the family's children. This includes not just the organizational or physical requirements women are supposed to attend, but also the emotional burden and responsibility. Which could easily be divided between men and women regardless of their occupations. 

Altogether, the society hurts women more and on different levels. It is easier to offend them verbally on a regular basis and treat them in a demeaning and dismissive manner. It can be by their landlord, plumber, banker, doctor, or simply the man who cuts the line in-front of them in the grocery store. This is without taking into account crimes against woman, who still suffer much more domestic violence and sexual abuse.    

Unlike other countries, not only that it's legal to ask women in job interviews for their age and marital status, but potential employers also openly base their decisions on it. For a woman who is over 40 years old with children, it is very hard to find a job. Of course, even more so if her resume has indications of her maternity leaves. The literal translation of “maternity leave” in Hebrew is: “maternity vacation” and this indicates the conception Israeli society has over it. This leave is not a necessity for the women’s body to recover from the birth, to breastfeed and so forth, but it’s more as women are getting a bonus for contributing a new citizen for the expansion of the society. Needless to say, there are no maternity leaves for fathers.  

I’d like to note that during the Covid-19 pandemic the status of women all over the world, as well as in Israel, has been significantly compromised. It seems that we stepped backwards, and it will take long to recover what we lost. In Israel there have been an increase of violence against woman during the quarantines including more murder cases of woman by their husbands. Since women traditionally earn less, workplaces fired them more or put them on long leaves. And again, those who are mothers or\and over 40 years old, will have less chances to be rehired. Free-lance women or those who run their own business, a population that had a better chance to maintain its job by working from home, had to prioritize homeschooling for their children over it since, as noted, schools still consider mostly women as in charge of their children's education. The long-distance learning relied on this assumption. Even those who didn’t lose their job and juggled it with raising their children, often had to prioritize their husband’s work since most commonly it brings a higher income. 

I’m all hope coming out of the pandemic will allow us to look at the importance of women’s rights in new eyes and have society reminded what it perhaps long forgot, women’s rights are not “boring” and are relevant for all, they indicate our morality and affect us all woman-born humans.  

吉莉•哈莫维什：

从表面上看，以色列似乎已经实现了性别平等。至少对于不属于正统宗教团体（犹太人或穆斯林）的妇女是如此。以色列早在1969年就有了第一位女性总理，在时间上是位居世界前列的。这位总理就是戈尔达·梅尔（Golda Meir）。妇女享有言论和职业自由，在新闻媒体、政府机关都能见到女性的身影，尽管仍然少于男性。仔细观察，不难发现女性地位与权益的复杂性。女性仍然在职业上升上遭遇玻璃天花板，而男性则把控着更多关键职位并获得更高收入。众多妇女从事收银员、清洁工和护士，但收入低。但在公交司机、电工或建筑工人等“男性专属”岗位上的妇女仍是极个别，即使在看似开放的领域，例如文学界、演艺界、学术界和传媒界，仍以男性居多，不仅如此，部分人还滥用职权骚扰女性，某些情况下他们甚至得到社会的宽宥，在犯事后仍然不受影响地继续从事之前的工作。职业女性事业固然成功，但往往同时也是孩子的主要照顾者，在工作和家庭方面都承担着双重职责。就家务劳动而言，或许有更多的改进空间，但这不是因为男性坚持多承担责任，而是因为家政外包的做法很普遍。雇用专业家政人员，对于那些有足够经济能力负担开支的人来说，早已司空见惯。只有教师、儿科医生等职业的父母才希望由女方全权负责照顾孩子。他们几乎总是只与母亲沟通有关孩子的问题。这要求妇女参统筹安排并亲自上阵，并且承担情绪压力和责任。不论其职业如何，很容易因为性别受到区别对待。总的来说，社会在不同程度上伤害了女性。通常包括口头冒犯，比如贬低打压和轻蔑藐视。这些冒犯者可能是她们的房东、水管工、银行家、医生，甚至杂货店里插队到她们前面的人。更别提针对妇女的犯罪，她们仍然遭受家庭暴力和性虐待。与其他国家不同，在以色列，在面试中询问女性的年龄和婚姻状况是合法的，而且潜在的雇主还可以公开地根据其状况决定是否录用。对于一个40岁以上已生育的女性来说，很难找到工作。如果她的简历上体现出可能休产假的迹象，那就更是如此。希伯来语中“产假”的字面翻译是：“母亲的休假”，这表明以色列社会对它的观念。产假并非仅仅为女性身体得以从分娩、母乳喂养等方面消耗下恢复过来而设立，更大意义上是由于妇女为社会发展贡献新公民而获得褒奖回馈。自然，父亲一方就没有产假。我想指出的是，在Covid-19大流行期间，全世界以及以色列的妇女地位都受到了重大损害。看起来只退后了一步，但要恢复我们丢失的东西却需要很长时间。以色列在隔离期间对妇女的暴力行为有所上升，包括更多丈夫谋杀妻子的案件。由于传统上女性的收入较低，因此更多女性被下岗停薪留职。再者，那些年满40岁和/或做了母亲的女性，被重新雇用的机会会更少。自由职业女性或经营私营企业的女性，则有更好的机会通过在家工作来维持生计，因此必须优先为子女安排在家远程上课，因为如上所述，学校仍将大多数妇女视为孩子教育的负责人。远程学习即是建立在此种假设之上。即使是那些没有丢掉工作并同时抚养孩子的女性，也常常不得不优先考虑丈夫的工作，因为他们通常收入更高。我希望疫情结束之后，我们将能够以全新的视角审视妇女权利的重要性，并让社会长期遗忘的事项提上日程，妇女权利并非“无事生非”，它与所有人息息相关，是我们道德的指针，影响着每一位经由娘胎出生的人类。

（殷晓媛 译）

殷晓媛

“百科诗派”创始人、智库型长诗/小说/诗剧/实验文本作者、“泛性别主义”写作首倡者、从事中、日、英、法、德多语言写作。中国作家协会、中国诗歌学会、中国翻译协会会员。著有长诗11000行长诗“前沿三部曲”、六万行结构主义长诗“风能玫瑰”等，小说四十万字，诗剧及实验文本若干卷。出版四部中文诗集：《印象之内，物象之外》、《它们曾从卓尔金历中掠过》、《前沿三部曲》、《播云剂》（百科诗派创派10周年年鉴系列）、一部英文诗集《Cloud Seeding Agent》（美国Pinyon Publishing出版社，2020）及多部译著，最近一部为2018年8月纽约New Feral出版社出版的《成为一条河流》（Bill Wolak著）。作品被译为法语、德语、西班牙语、意大利语、瑞典语、葡萄牙语、阿拉伯语、爱尔兰语、加利西亚语、芬兰语、罗马尼亚语、希腊语、爱沙尼亚语、俄语、孟加拉语、希伯来语、马其顿语、土耳其语、保加利亚语、日语、匈牙利语、阿尔巴尼亚语等，发表包括英国《the New Humanist》、爱尔兰《Comhar》、美国《Madswirl》《Pinyon Review》《Contrapuntos》、意大利《La Macchina Sognante》、英国《新阿拉伯人报》、阿根廷《Buenos Aires Poetry》《Revista Excéntrica》等杂志，收录入《Caminos sin fronteras》等选本，著作被美国、英国、德国、法国、俄罗斯、爱尔兰、新西兰等国一百余家国家图书馆、世界顶级名校图书馆和大使馆大规模收藏。2020年策划“100位国际一线诗人精品诗歌云诵读&表演国际诗歌节”——“誓[诗]大会”。百科诗派“2018人工智能纸魔方”（六国语版）”、“2019：创派12周年纪念徽章”、“百科诗派12周年‘诗 ╳ 影 ╳ 艺’跨界艺术联展册”+“2020‘诗 ╳ 影 ╳ 艺’跨界艺术联展册”、“2020年豪华精装版“天·地·人”摄影画册诗历”“‘国际誓[诗]大会’高定CD专辑”文创项目总策划及总设计师，所发起“百科之友主题跨界创作工坊”创作出各类综合文本、摄影、绘画、装置、音乐、对联、朗诵、书法作品二百余件。曾授权其独家翻译诗歌的包括美国、瑞典、爱尔兰、英国、澳大利亚、意大利、西班牙、加拿大、俄罗斯、沙特阿拉伯、法国、葡萄牙、芬兰、秘鲁、阿根廷、印度、日本、古巴、洪都拉斯、哥伦比亚、阿尔巴尼亚、北马其顿、罗马尼亚、玻利维亚、巴勒斯坦、厄瓜多尔等的200余位国际诗人。2018年独自游历全国名山大川，包括全程徒步登顶泰山。俄罗斯国家图书馆采编部部长T.V.彼得鲁先科将百科诗派著作誉为“横贯当代中国诗坛的百科诗学主义之强流”，多米尼加国家图书馆馆藏发展部部长Glennys Reyes Tapia则称之为“博大文化代表、书志编纂研究瑰宝”。

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