康奈尔景观系主任Timothy Baird专访｜美国唯一有景观/建筑本科的藤校，究竟强在哪？

作为美国常春藤藤校中唯一拥有景观/建筑本科的Cornell在Landscape Architecture排名位居前茅。景观系位于College of Agriculture and Life Science (CALS)这学院下，在全美最优秀的农学院的强大支持下，构建了丰富资源和教学体系。由系主任Timothy Baird的带领下，景观系研究方向非常多元，包括Green Infrastructure、Landscape Preservation、Cultural Landscape 与 Urban Design。国际化的合作与交流也为Cornell的毕业生提供了的扎实的基本功和广阔的视野。

带着大家对于景观教育的好奇，建道ArchiDogs对谈康奈尔景观系主任Timothy Baird，一起聊聊美国藤校的景观教育。

访谈｜Kelly Zhu, Luke Lu, Chenliang Ma

翻译/文案｜Kelly Zhu,  Yiwei Huang

校对｜Yiwei Huang, Sherry Li, Yuxin Pan

编辑｜Winnie

01 / People

人物素描

Timothy Baird

Professor and Chair of 

Landscape Architecture at Cornell University

Adjunct Principal, Landworks Studio, Inc.

https://www.landworks-studio.com/

University of Pennsylvania, MLA

Louisiana State University, BLA

代表作品

200 5th Avenue | New York, NY

（以下采访中Timothy Baird均以“ T”代替） 

02 / Teaching at Cornell

任教康奈尔大学

█  Cornell的风景园林系隶属于农学院（Cornell CALS，College of Agriculture and life sciences），该系与其他隶属于设计学院的风景园林项目（比如宾大，GSD）有什么不同？

Cornell's landscape architecture department is under Cornell CALS - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. How does that make Cornell's landscape architecture different from those who are under Design Schools (such as UPenn, GSD)?

T：康奈尔大学的景观专业源于农业和园艺业，后来才有了设计学院。很多人都在问我们为什么不搬到设计学院去？我们将这些非常棘手的问题称为“雷区”，因为两者各有利弊。虽然设计学院能使学生沉浸于设计工作室文化（studio culture）中，让他们获得认同感。

但实际上，康奈尔大学的学生可以在任何一个学院上课，教师也可以在任何一个学院和系中进行研究。因此，我们在哪里都可以做高质量的工作。学习非科学的（设计）学科本身是非常耗时且困难的。所以，经常与其他设计师在一起探讨，并观赏他人的作品对于学习该专业是非常有帮助。

Landscape Architecture generally started in agriculture and horticulture then developed design schools. Some people asked us, “Why don't we move to the design school?”. There are a lot of pros and cons either way. Being in a design school is very good for immersing students in the studio culture and understanding that sort of commitment.

However, Cornell students can take courses anywhere, and faculty can do research across any college or department. We are still able to do quality work no matter where we are. It may be very difficult to learn something that is not a science, such as design. Thus, it is helpful to be around other designers and see their works on exhibit.

█  Cornell的景观本科(BSLA)与景观研究生(MLA)在课程设置上的特色分别是什么？景观研究生会更偏向研究吗？

What are the differences and features of Cornell's undergraduate landscape architecture (BSLA) and graduate landscape architecture (MLA) courses? Is MLA more research-oriented?

T：其实本科生和研究生的课程设置基本相同，教学老师也都是一样的。但对于学生工作量的要求，以及对设计理解的深度有不同的期望与标准。一般情况下，研究生的课程以研究为中心，课题需要更严谨的学术理论支撑，并对其要有更深入的探讨。无论本科生还是研究生的设计课程，我们都会从一个主题和需要实现的目标开始。

我们是常春藤联盟唯一提供风景园林学本科学位的大学。我们的建筑学也是常春藤联盟中唯一招收本科生的大学。因此，我们在这两个专业上拥有相当杰出的专业能力。

The curriculum and faculty for both programs are generally the same, but the amount of work and the depth of understanding are different. The graduate students’ work is expected to be more rigorous and to be more intensively research-based. Their studios are all research-driven. But no matter undergraduate or graduate, all studios begin with a research question on a topic and a set of goals to accomplish.

Cornell is the only Ivy League university that has undergraduate degrees in both landscape architecture and architecture. Thus, they are very unique in that respect.

█  康奈尔大学和上海交通大学有合作，目前或者未来还会与哪些中国院校进行合作？

There was a collaboration between Cornell University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University. What is the future plan for Cornell's landscape architecture department regarding international collaboration?

T：康奈尔大学与上海交通大学的风景园林系已经有50年的合作历史了。这些年，我们景观系的学生和交大的学生进行了一次联合教学的课程。我们把康奈尔的学生带到上海，然后他们把交大的学生带到康奈尔。

Cornell has had a relationship with the landscape architecture department at Jiao Tong University for many years. We had an experimental class of collaborative teaching a few years ago. We brought students here, and they brought students to Cornell.

█  两所学校未来会做联合课程或者联合学位吗？

Is it possible for both universities to share the studio classes?

T：上海交大很希望能促成这样的合作，但这是一个艰难的过程。我们目前并没有足够的教师来承担这项工作，但将来会考虑的。

目前，我们正在讨论求学期间出国学习(study aboard program)的合作机会。我认为，让外国的学生来中国学习会是一种很棒的体验！我们系有很多中国学生想回中国进行暑期实习，因此我也在中国为他们物色实习机会。中国现在有很多新兴的本土设计公司。例如在深圳，上海和洛杉矶都设有工作室的Lab D + H。它是由我们的校友钟惠城与他的朋友们一同创建的。

That's exactly what they would like to see implemented, but it is a very difficult thing to do. We don’t have enough faculty to take over that responsibility, but it's something that we were thinking of in the future for sure.

But for now, we are looking at study abroad opportunities, such as exchange programs. Especially, I think having foreign students come and study one semester would be great. A lot of Chinese students want to go back to China for internships during the summer break. Thus, I'm looking at firms here for them. There are so many new young emerging Chinese firms like Lab D+H in Shenzhen, Shanghai, and Los Angeles which was co-founded by our Cornell alumni, Huicheng Zhong.

█  您本人毕业于宾夕法尼亚大学和路易斯安那州立大学，这两个学校的教学对您目前在康奈尔的任教与景观实践有何影响？

You graduated from Upenn and LSU. How did the teaching of these two schools influence your current teaching at Cornell and professional practice?

T：路易斯安那州立大学（LSU）的教学理念和应用技术都非常先进。正如他们的教学理念 —— 一位真正优秀的设计师，需要在设计的同时知道如何实现他的作品。

毕业后我在费城工作，并在四年半后获得了景观建筑师的执照。可惜我在经济衰退的时期失业了，于是我决定去宾大深造。宾大拥有一个完全不同的教学系统，他们侧重于运用自然与自然科学合作的生态规划和设计。同时，宾大还邀请了一些相当优秀的设计师，例如宾大风景园林设计的系主任伊恩·麦克哈格（lan McHarg）、劳里·奥林（Laurie Olin）、鲍勃·汉娜（Bob Hanna）等人，由他们重组景观系并设置课程。

我认为教育背景的结合有利于我在景观方面任教与实践。其实任何一所厉害的高等学府都会教授你很多东西，你还有机会结识来自全球的明星设计师们。我认为，与不同的设计师工作能帮助我们学习到更多不同的设计理念。

LSU had a very great design focus with technical competence. That was what they wanted to see in their graduates – A good designer should know how to craft ideas into built work. Therefore, that was my foundation.

I went to work in Philadelphia, and I was licensed after four and a half years. Unfortunately, I was laid off because of a recession. I eventually got into Penn to start my graduate degree. I experienced a different teaching system. Penn focuses on ecological planning and design. Especially planning focuses on engaging natural scientists and social sciences. Program Chair Ian McHarg also hired people who formed and re-programmed landscape architecture, such as Laurie Olin and Bob Hanna, who were really good designers.

I think the combination of the educational background from LSU and Penn was a good foundation. Any good graduate school offers its students opportunities to meet and learn a lot from many outstanding designers. I always felt that I needed to work with as many different designers as possible to gain multiple design perspectives.

█  您曾经教过一个景观结合虚拟现实技术来研究巴西贫民窟的设计课，您如何看待新技术对于景观行业的影响？

We know that you had a new studio that engaged students in the study of one Brazilian favela through virtual reality (VR) technology. What’s your attitude towards new technology in landscape architecture? And how can we incorporate them better with design studios?

T：一般情况下，在设计课开始时你就需要去勘测场地；并在有设计想法之后再回去一次，即二次勘测。但条件限制了我们只能在有想法了之后再去实地。因此，在课程开始的初期，我们利用虚拟现实技术代为勘查，尽可能地使我们的学生对场地有较为深入地认识。我们也确实拥有一个这样地虚拟环境能够让学生身临其境地勘测场地。

比如在巴西里约热内卢州的圣玛尔塔贫民窟。那里地形地质条件复杂，却被搭建了成群的非规范房屋。其实，在发展中国家有很多类似这样的案例，因此我们需要研究它。现在，学生只需要戴上VR眼镜，就能在虚拟的环境中进行移动和感知场地。抬头看到建筑物，低头看到铺路。这种感觉真的太棒了！课程结束后，我们会对学生进行调查以了解他们对该过程有什么建议和感想。

对于该设计课程与技术的整合，目前还停留在勘测收集数据的阶段，以后还会延伸到设计阶段。我们会向前迈进，把设计放进VR眼镜中感受其带来的未来感。在未来，你的设计就在眼前！

Obviously, you go to see the people and the site in the beginning and then go back after developing proposals. However, we could only afford to take one trip to Brazil. Thus, we did a virtual site visit that used virtual reality as a proxy (for the beginning part). Fortunately, we had this virtual environment that students could enter into and move through to better understand the neighborhood before we traveled there.

The site was the Santa Marta Favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The people made communities organically on land that was forbidden for development due to very steep slopes. There are many informal settlements in developing countries because of the high cost of local housing.  During the studio, our students could put on the VR headset at any time and move through the site virtually to collect data. It is amazing because you can look up and see the building. You can also look down and see the paving. After our students finished the course, we surveyed their feelings about that process.

We are not only incorporating technologies into studios in the site inventory phase but also through design phases. VR gives us an impression of what it would be like at eye level to be there in person.

Department of Landscape Architecture

Tim Baird，professor，and chair of the Department of Landscape Architecture joined the Council of Fellows for the American Society of Landscape Architects at a ceremony Oct. 21 in Philadelphia.

03 / Design Practice

设计实践

█  您在教学的同时也在Landworks studio担任设计总监，您是如何平衡教学与实践的？

While teaching design, you are also an Adjunct Principal at ‘Landworks Studio’. How do you balance teaching and practice?

T：我很荣幸在2014年能够加入Landworks Studio。有时，我自行选择项目并参与，这对我来说是一个理想的情况。教学和实践有时很难兼顾，因此保持两者平衡是很重要的。我希望在将来能有更多的时间投入到建筑实践中。当然，我的首要责任还是对景观系的学生负责，将我个人实践和学术经验传授给他们。

我现在经常讨论的议题是“基于设计的研究”。我们通过设计来完成研究。研究是一个迭代过程，在绘图、建模和反复修改中形成有效的研究方式。对我来说，优秀的教师理应创造出具有创造性的作品，而不仅仅是通过学术出版来获得任期，这一点很重要。

I joined Landworks Studio in 2004 and have continued to practice with the firm in a part-time capacity depending on my workload as department chair... I'm able to work as little or as much as I want, which is an ideal situation for me. Balancing the position between an administrator and professor is difficult but important. I hope I will eventually have more time to devote to practice once we have made several important improvements to the department. My first responsibility is to the department and students. On the other hand, what I bring to students is my practice experience along with my academic experience.

One of the things I talked about at the Idea of Design Education Symposium at SJTU is research by design. It's the idea that research can be done through the act of design. It is a constant iterative process where you're drawing and modeling to test ideas, materiality, formal strategy, ecological and cultural sensitivity, and you're continually changing and revising your design. That is a valid form of research for me. Faculty should be able to get tenure through creative work, not just through research that results in publications.

█  在中国实践的过程中，你是如何理解当地的历史与文化？

When you are practicing in China, how can you understand a site with a long history and culture?

T：理解当地文化对外国人来说是至关重要的。景观建筑师总是需要在不同的地域进行实践，第一步就是了解该地的历史与文化。在团队中，我们非常需要有人能帮助我们了解当地文化。

我们有时会比建筑师多做一些前期工作。建筑往往不常受场地气候的限制，但是景观设计就必须结合当地的环境与气候。场地分析会暴露当地环境气候的问题，因此我们的设计必须经过场地分析，结合当地环境，并在历史、文化上加以理解。尤其是在陌生的文化中，你所作的设计可能会对原住民有所冒犯。

我们的校友钟惠城描述过他的一段有趣经历。他有一位注重风水的客户要求喷泉喷头必须是奇数。也许在将来我们会在设计课程中加入有关“风水”的教学，估计很多中国学生会比我们教的更好！

Any time one enters a different culture you have to learn about it. Landscape architects are always moving into different territories, and the first step is to understand that territory. You need people on the team to help you with it. On our teams, we have Chinese employees and others who act in this role to help us and guide the projects. We also rely on local consultants who assist in understanding the local culture, ecology, and customs.

We sometimes need to do more than architects because we have to understand the site. There are many things ecologically that you have to understand historically, culturally, especially in a different country.

One of our alumni, Huicheng Zhong, had a client with a project in Shenzhen that required Fengshui. Huicheng showed me that the fountain jets had to be odd numbers. Maybe we should teach a course in Fengshui at Cornell and we have many Chinese students who could teach the course better than the faculty!

04 / How to apply to Cornell

留学申请&作品集建议

█  作品集是学生申请中很重要的一部分，你希望在学生的作品集中看到什么？什么样的作品集能让你们感到印象深刻？

Portfolio is an important part of a student's application. What would you expect to see in a student's portfolio? What kind of portfolio would make you feel impressed?

T：我们会综合评审作品集和文书，从中判断申请者的设计能力。基本上我们会希望这个申请者有一个特定的主题，他/她对于这个主题有深入的探讨，并有相应的图纸和模型表达。这个主题可以是一个景观正在面临的重大问题，如气候变化。我们希望他/她能够挖掘设计背后的理论和想法。

We review their portfolios and personal statements to get a better understanding of the student’s capabilities. We look for someone who has creative potential and who has possibly focused on a specific topic with a deeper understanding. Of course, nice drawings and models, and other examples of creative activity, are expected. For example, this topic could be climate change.

█  如果你们对某个学生特别感兴趣，会发出面试邀请吗？

If you are very interested in some students from the portfolio, will you give them an interview?

T：并不会。我们都是基于学生提交的内容来决定的。申请康奈尔的门槛很高。学生们的申请材料会首先进入筛选系统，语言分数是首要的考量标准。如果语言分数未标，则会被直接刷掉。

No. acceptances are based on what's submitted. The entrance requirements for Cornell are pretty high. Cornell will separate out the low TOEFL scores prior to our admissions committee sees the applications.

Sasha Anemone and Nell Crumbley LA6010 studio final review

Student work

© Parth Divekar MLA '18 from 3rd Year MLA Studio with Margot Lystra

05 / Advice to students

对年轻学生的建议

█  您对当今景观设计行业有怎样的看法？对于这一代年轻学生和设计师，您希望他们在做设计的时候从哪些方面去考虑？

What do you think of the landscape architecture design today? What aspects do you expect the young generation to consider when designing?

T：如果他们想继续深造，我的第一建议是去康奈尔大学（笑）。当然现在还有很多其他的好学校。

首先你要充满好奇心，有批判性思维和职业道德。你要能够正确看待任何人的作品并对其进行批判性思考。其次，要有协作精神。这个时代的项目涵盖得越来越复杂，包括生态、社会科学、历史和文化等。学会与来自不同领域的专家协同工作是尤为重要的。当然，技术也很重要。

First of all, you need to be a curious and self-critical thinker with a developed work ethic. Collaboration is also important. Landscape projects today are very complex and require teams of experts to realize them. This means you must be willing to collaborate with a general understanding of ecology, social sciences, history, culture, all of that. Certainly, you also need to master technology.

Interview with Timothy Baird © ArchiDogs

访谈｜Kelly Zhu, Luke Lu, Chenliang Ma

翻译/文案｜Kelly Zhu,  Yiwei Huang

校对｜Yiwei Huang, Sherry Li, Yuxin Pan

编辑｜Winnie

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