2019毕业设计回顾 | 基于形状语法的教育建筑生成设计研究
基于形状语法的教育建筑生成设计研究
Research on generative design of educational buildings based onshape grammar
作者：刘荣欣
指导老师：刘宇波 邓巧明 周玄星 梁凌宇
生成设计方案轴测图
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柏林自由大学方案设计具有系统组织、单元灵活的水平编织肌理，本研究以探索该设计背后的隐形逻辑为问题导向，基于形状语法的方法，使用计算机建立了基于规则的人工智能生成设计系统。本文提出了三个论点：（1）形状语法可以为明确柏林自由大学方案设计的规则提供技术方法；（2）可以通过计算机编程来快速生成设计；（3）改变生成规则可以拓展出新的设计。
The design ofFree University of Berlin has the horizontal weaving texture of systematic organizationand flexible unit. This study aims to explore the hidden logic behind thescheme design of Free University of Berlin. Based on the method of shapegrammar, a rule-based artificial intelligence generation and design system isestablished by computer. This paper puts forward three arguments :(1) shapegrammar can provide a technical method to clarify the rules of the schemedesign of free university of Berlin; (2) design can be generated quicklythrough computer programming; (3) changing the generation rules can develop newdesigns.
柏林自由大学竞赛方案（from Candilis-Josic-Woods）
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本研究提取柏林自由大学方案设计的四个形状要素：街道、街区、体块和庭院，并统计分析各要素以及要素整体呈现的规律。然后在Grasshopper平台结合Python编程语言，运用形状语法生成单元内街道（共1029种），运用随机算法和语料库系统生成街区内体块，并对单元整体结果进行筛选。
This studyextracted four shape elements of the scheme design of Free University ofBerlin: Street, Block, Cube and Yard, and statistically analyzed the rules ofeach element and its overall presentation. Then, combined with Pythonprogramming language, shape grammar was used to generate the street in the unitin Grasshopper platform, and the cubes was generated by random algorithm andcorpus system. Finally, the computer generated results are screened.
生成街道
随机算法生成体块
语料库系统生成体块
街道生成路径与部分结果图
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根据该设计语法的内在逻辑，可以从单元容积率和语料库系统两个方面拓展和优化设计。形状语法生成丰富单元形态的思路，也可以运用于立面设计中。
According to theinternal logic of the design grammar, the design is extended from the followingtwo aspects: the unit volume ratio and the generating blocks. The idea thatshape grammar generates rich unit forms can also be applied in facade design.
生成立面
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最后，柏林自由大学的扩建设计探索了该生成系统在建筑设计中运用的优点和局限。该生成系统具有：①单元丰富性；②生成快速性；③交互可能性：在生成过程中，建筑使用者可以参与制定每一步设计语法的选择，以适应于不同需求。
Finally, theextension design of Free University of Berlin explores the advantages andlimitations of the generation system used in architectural design.Thegeneration system has the following advantages: (1) unit richness; (2)generation rapidness; (3) interactive possibility: In the generation process,the user can participate in the selection of the design grammar at each step toadapt to different requirements.
但在面对真实场地与实际需求时，该生成系统存在以下局限性：
① 语法特殊性：柏林自由大学的设计语法在其他场地未必适合，需要对设计语法进行修改或重新设计；同时，该生成语法适用于由大量单元组成的设计项目，对于特殊的单体建筑并不适用；
② 功能缺失性：在该生成系统中,所生成的体块方案未能细化到具体功能，如卫生间、楼梯、教室等；
③ 组合缺乏性：该生成系统对单元组合成的群组缺少更有效的组织。
However, thegeneration system has the following limitations when facing the real site andactual requirements:
(1) grammatical particularity: the designgrammar of the free university of Berlin may not be suitable in other sites. Itneeds to be modified or redesigned. At the same time, this generative grammaris applicable to design projects composed of a large number of units, but notto special single buildings.
(2) lack offunction: in this generation system, the generated block scheme fails to refineto specific functions, such as toilet, stairs, classroom, etc.
(3) lack ofcombination: the generation system lacks effective organization of groupscomposed of units.
东北轴测立面图
东南轴测立面图
上述基于形状语法的生成系统，仍然属于基于规则的自动生成设计的方法，未来的优化空间也包括加入机器学习等人工智能核心方法，使得这套生成系统通过学习和分析现有数据达到自我完善。
The generationsystem based on shape grammar mentioned above is still a rule-based generativedesign. The future optimization space also includes the addition of machinelearning and other core artificial intelligence methods, so that the generationsystem can achieve self-perfection through learning and analyzing existingdata.
柏林自由大学扩建设计方案-技术图