NEWS | 《Nature》150年，人类一个半世纪的研究与探索

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NATURE

一个半世纪之久

足以揭示对自然世界的理解

A century and a half 

is long enough to see how our understanding 

of the natural world changes.

本月，《Nature》基于论文发布了其对于150年来学术联系的研究成果，以期揭示科研合作的关联网络。

This is Nature's publication record , 150 years of interconnected research represented by the majority of Nature's papers .A snapshot of the ever growing web of collaboration and discovery that is science .

1 论文 & 联系

PAPER & CONNECTION

上图所示的每个点都代表一篇文章。不同的颜色代表不同领域，例如：黄色代表地球和空间科学、绿色代表物理学、红色为临床医学、紫色为工程技术等等。

Each dot is a paper . The color represents the field- yellow for Earth and space science , green for Physics, red for Clinical medicine, purple for Engineering and technology and so on .

两篇论文如果同时被第三篇论文引用，那么就可以建立其关联。由此，研究者建立起了论文之间的网络。

Two papers are connected if a third references them both. Using these simple rules , scientists built the network paper by paper .

2 学科 & 迸发 

DISCIPLINE & EMERGE

回到1869年，科学文献刚刚兴起。那时还没有像今天这样的论文，而是以信件的形式偶尔出现。但是随着时间的流逝，情况逐渐发生变化。论文开始聚集成为学科，形成学科群落。

1869，These are the early days of science publishing .

Back then, papers didn't exist as they do today. Rather they took the form of correspondence, popping up sporadically . But over time, things change. They start to cluster together into disciplines- communities emerge .

1986年，高温超导体的发现导致《Nature》杂志上的类似论文如雨后春笋般出现，该领域在整个20世纪和21世纪持续发展。

In 1986, the discovery of high-temperature superconductors leads to a blossoming of similar papers in Nature. It was a field which would continue to grow throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries .

回到1930年代，两次世界大战导致了核物理研究的增加。而且，这也反映在《Nature》的出版记录中，因为有关核物理的论文在19世纪30年代和40年代高度集聚。

Back to the 1930s now. The two World Wars lead to an increase in nuclear physics research as nations race to split the atom . And this too is reflected in Nature’s publication record, as nuclear physics papers cluster together in the 30s and 40s.

3 引用 & 被引

BELOW & ABOVE

每篇论文都在科学的网络中占有一席之地，但这仅仅是开始。每一个科学发现都建立在它之前的工作之上，又成为未来研究的基础。

当我们看向论文前后两侧，便可以发现学科群落的集聚。

Each paper takes its place in this network of Nature, but that's just the beginning . Every discovery is built on the work which precedes it and then in turn forms the foundations of the discoveries of the future and we can see that too .

By looking from either end, we can see the fields cluster together.

以Watson和Crick关于DNA结构的论文为例（上图中间的白色圆点）。

圆点下方是这篇的引用论文(不仅仅包括《Nature》论文，还有其他论文)，以及二级引用论文。生物科学、化学及物理学科的发展推动了双螺旋的发现。

Let's take Watson and Crick’s seminal paper on the structure of DNA as an example. Below it is every paper that it referenced, not just Nature papers, every paper , then every paper that those papers referenced and so on . 

Chemistry and physics, feed into the discovery of the double helix .

在白色圆点的上方，则是基于沃森和克里克研究成果的论文。

出人意料的是，DNA的研究竟也成为了工程和技术研究的跳板，同时还与大量数学论文相关联，甚至与人文和社会科学方面的研究紧密相关。

Above it is all the papers that built their work based on Watson and Crick’s discovery .

After publication, the picture looks somewhat different . The structure of DNA formed a spring board for engineering and technology research. There are clusters of mathematics papers, even studies from the humanities and social sciences .

4 网络 & 整体

NETWORK & WHOLE

总言之，每篇论文都有自己的故事，有自己独特的网络。

每个网络都彼此相连，形成一个整体。

每个领域的每篇论文也都在全球研究和发现过程中发挥着重要作用。

Every paper has its own story, its own unique network and each of those networks connect to others to form a whole.

Every paper in every field playing their part in the global process of research and discovery .

完整视频获取

公众号后台回复 “150年” ，即可获取完整视频（字幕版）链接

图文编辑：何  睿

视频来源：Nature  https://www.nature.com/

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