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技术分享 | 用好 MySQL 的 MRR 优化器

蒋乐兴 爱可生开源社区 2022-10-28

作者:蒋乐兴

MySQL DBA,擅长 python 和 SQL,目前维护着 github 的两个开源项目:mysqltools 、dbmc 以及独立博客:https://www.sqlpy.com。

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*爱可生开源社区出品,原创内容未经授权不得随意使用,转载请联系小编并注明来源。


MRR 要解决的问题

MRR 是 MySQL 针对特定查询的一种优化手段。假设一个查询有二级索引可用,读完二级索引后要回表才能查到那些不在当前二级索引上的列值,由于二级索引上引用的主键值不一定是有序的,因此就有可能造成大量的随机 IO,如果回表前把主键值给它排一下序,那么在回表的时候就可以用顺序 IO 取代原本的随机 IO。

环境准备

为了实验我们要准备一下表结构和数据。
  1. -- 创建表

  2. mysql> show create table t;

  3. +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  4. | Table | Create Table |

  5. +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  6. | t | CREATE TABLE `t` (

  7. `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

  8. `i0` int NOT NULL,

  9. `i1` int NOT NULL,

  10. `i2` int NOT NULL,

  11. `i3` int NOT NULL,

  12. `c0` varchar(128) NOT NULL,

  13. `c1` varchar(128) NOT NULL,

  14. `f0` float NOT NULL,

  15. `f1` float NOT NULL,

  16. PRIMARY KEY (`id`),

  17. KEY `idx_i0` (`i0`)

  18. ) ENGINE=InnoDB

  19. +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

  20. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)


  21. -- 造数据

  22. mysql> select count(*) from t;

  23. +----------+

  24. | count(*) |

  25. +----------+

  26. | 1120000 |

  27. +----------+

  28. 1 row in set (0.77 sec)


  29. --

  30. update t set i0 = id % 100;


MRR 的优化效果

1. 有 MRR 优化(Using MRR)时 SQL 的耗时情况。

  1. mysql> explain select i0,i3 from t where i0 between 1 and 2;

  2. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+-------+----------+----------------------------------+

  3. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+-------+----------+----------------------------------+

  5. | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | range | idx_i0 | idx_i0 | 4 | NULL | 43968 | 100.00 | Using index condition; Using MRR |

  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+-------+----------+----------------------------------+

  7. 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


  8. mysql> select i0,i3 from t where i0 between 1 and 2;

  9. 22400 rows in set (0.80 sec)

2. 关闭 MRR 优化。

  1. set optimizer_switch = 'index_merge=on,index_merge_union=on,index_merge_sort_union=on,index_merge_intersection=on,engine_condition_pushdown=on,index_condition_pushdown=on,mrr=off,mrr_cost_based=on,block_nested_loop=on,batched_key_access=off,materialization=on,semijoin=on,loosescan=on,firstmatch=on,duplicateweedout=on,subquery_materialization_cost_based=on,use_index_extensions=on,condition_fanout_filter=on,derived_merge=on,use_invisible_indexes=off,skip_scan=on,hash_join=on';


  2. mysql> explain select i0,i3 from t where i0 between 1 and 2;

  3. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+-------+----------+-----------------------+

  4. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  5. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+-------+----------+-----------------------+

  6. | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | range | idx_i0 | idx_i0 | 4 | NULL | 43968 | 100.00 | Using index condition |

  7. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+-------+----------+-----------------------+

  8. 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


  9. mysql> select i0,i3 from t where i0 between 1 and 2;

  10. 22400 rows in set (2.56 sec)

结论
就刚才的测试场景开启 MRR 优化可以得到 3 倍的性能提升。


MRR 的优化器参数调整

如果想关闭 MRR 优化的话,就要把优化器开关 mrr 设置为 off。

默认只有在优化器认为 MRR 可以带来优化的情况下才会走 MRR,如果你想不管什么时候能走 MRR 的都走 MRR 的话,你要把 mrr_cost_based 设置为 off,不过最好不要这么干,因为这确实是一个坑,MRR 不一定什么时候都好,全表扫描有时候会更加快,如果在这种场景下走 MRR 就完成了。

开启 MRR 关闭基于开销的优化。

  1. -- mrr=on,mrr_cost_based=off

  2. set optimizer_switch = 'index_merge=on,index_merge_union=on,index_merge_sort_union=on,index_merge_intersection=on,engine_condition_pushdown=on,index_condition_pushdown=on,mrr=on,mrr_cost_based=off,block_nested_loop=on,batched_key_access=off,materialization=on,semijoin=on,loosescan=on,firstmatch=on,duplicateweedout=on,subquery_materialization_cost_based=on,use_index_extensions=on,condition_fanout_filter=on,derived_merge=on,use_invisible_indexes=off,skip_scan=on,hash_join=on';


  3. mysql> explain select i0,i3 from t where i0 between 1 and 10;

  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+--------+----------+----------------------------------+

  5. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+--------+----------+----------------------------------+

  7. | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | range | idx_i0 | idx_i0 | 4 | NULL | 218492 | 100.00 | Using index condition; Using MRR |

  8. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+--------+----------+----------------------------------+

  9. 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


  10. select i0,i3 from t where i0 between 1 and 10;

  11. 112000 rows in set (4.86 sec)

开启 MRR 开启基于开销的优化。

  1. -- mrr=on,mrr_cost_based=on

  2. set optimizer_switch = 'index_merge=on,index_merge_union=on,index_merge_sort_union=on,index_merge_intersection=on,engine_condition_pushdown=on,index_condition_pushdown=on,mrr=on,mrr_cost_based=on,block_nested_loop=on,batched_key_access=off,materialization=on,semijoin=on,loosescan=on,firstmatch=on,duplicateweedout=on,subquery_materialization_cost_based=on,use_index_extensions=on,condition_fanout_filter=on,derived_merge=on,use_invisible_indexes=off,skip_scan=on,hash_join=on';


  3. mysql> explain select i0,i3 from t where i0 between 1 and 10;

  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+

  5. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+

  7. | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | ALL | idx_i0 | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1121902 | 19.48 | Using where |

  8. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+

  9. 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


  10. mysql> select i0,i3 from t where i0 between 1 and 10;

  11. 112000 rows in set (1.52 sec)

可以看到当 mrr_cost_based = OFF 的情况下用时 4.86s,mrr_cost_based = ON 的情况下用时 1.52s,总的来说 mrr_cost_based 是非常关键的建议始终打开。


MRR 的参数优化

MRR 要把主键排个序,这样之后对磁盘的操作就是由顺序读代替之前的随机读。从资源的使用情况上来看就是让 CPU 和内存多做点事,来换磁盘的顺序读。然而排序是需要内存的,这块内存的大小就由参数 read_rnd_buffer_size 来控制。

read_rnd_buffer_size 太小无法启用 MRR 功能。

  1. mysql> select @@read_rnd_buffer_size;

  2. +------------------------+

  3. | @@read_rnd_buffer_size |

  4. +------------------------+

  5. | 262144 |

  6. +------------------------+

  7. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)


  8. mysql> explain select i0,i3 from t where i0 between 1 and 12;

  9. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+

  10. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  11. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+

  12. | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | ALL | idx_i0 | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1121902 | 23.57 | Using where |

  13. +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+

  14. 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

放大 read_rnd_buffer_size 让 MySQL 有足够的资源用于 MRR 。

  1. mysql> set read_rnd_buffer_size = 32 * 1024 * 1024;

  2. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)


  3. mysql> explain select i0,i3 from t where i0 between 1 and 12;

  4. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+--------+----------+----------------------------------+

  5. | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |

  6. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+--------+----------+----------------------------------+

  7. | 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | range | idx_i0 | idx_i0 | 4 | NULL | 264436 | 100.00 | Using index condition; Using MRR |

  8. +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+--------+----------+----------------------------------+

  9. 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)



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