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如何撰写权利要求?

大岭先生 大岭IP 2019-04-29

什么是发明(invention)呢?


普通人一提到发明,会想到灯泡、蒸汽机,或者互联网、智能手机,再或者某种药物、某种化学工艺。不管发明是一种产品还是一种方法,大家都觉得发明应该是实实在在的、有形的东西。


但是,对于专利代理人而言,发明,其实是一种“概念(concepts)”。


中国专利法第二条规定,本法所称的发明创造是指发明、实用新型和外观设计。这三种类型的发明创造,是一种技术方案或者设计,其实是无形的东西。


“发明是一种概念”是理解发明的最基本的概念,然而,是不是所有的专利工作者都明白这个最基本的概念呢?显然不是。


事实上,连美国的法院,都曾经存在着错误的认识,引得一位法律作家在1933年就这样吐槽:


The difficulty which American courts . . . have had . . . goes back to the primitive thought that an “invention” upon which the patent gives protection is something tangible. The physical embodiment or disclosure, which, in itself is something tangible is confused with the definition or claim to the inventive novelty, and this definition or claim or monopoly, also sometimes called “invention” in one of that word’s meanings is not something tangible, but is an abstraction. Definitions are always abstractions. This primitive confusion of “invention” in the sense of physical embodiment with “invention” in the sense of definition of the patentable amount of novelty, survives to the present day, not only in the courts, but among some of the examiners in the Patent Office [emphasis added].


 ——Emerson Stringham, Double Patenting (Washington, D.C.: Pacot Publications, 1933)


“发明”这个词,用在专利说明书或者具体实施例里,是指具体而有形的发明;而用在权利要求书中,则是指抽象而无形的发明。正因如此,非常容易让人把权利要求中请求保护的发明,也理解为是有形的发明。


将发明理解为有形的东西,是实现专利保护的最大的危险。


我们以美国1888年的一件专利作为案例。


美国专利US392046A,发明人为John Loud,授权日为1888年10月30日,是关于圆珠笔的一件专利。



本专利的实施例如上图所示。球L通过弹簧S抵靠笔管A的收缩口f,弹簧S推动杆G,轴承H和减少摩擦球K。当笔移动时,球L压在纸上,弹簧S收缩,从而调节墨水流到球L上,再流到纸上。


该专利的权利要求为:


1.一种笔,包括:

一根笔管,具有收缩口并适于容纳墨水,

一个从收缩口伸出的球形书写头,和

一个墨水流量调节器4,其将书写头弹性地保持在收缩口上。


这个权利要求看起来是用最少的技术特征来描述发明。例如,它的技术特征中并没有包括墨水。这样,当一个厂家生产了不带墨水的圆珠笔,专利权人也可以去维权。


但是,如果这件专利到今天还有效的话,它也没有任何价值,因为,现代的圆珠笔,并没有“墨水流量调节器”这个部件,而只是依靠圆珠和其卡座之间的紧密配合,以及具有适当粘度的墨水,就可以保证墨水不会泄露。因此,现代的圆珠笔并没有落入上面的权利要求的保护范围之内。


当然,要想在1888年就预见到今天的圆珠笔的技术,得需要多么厉害的技术洞察力啊。这显然是专利代理人所不具备的。


实际上,专利代理人也并不需要能预见未来技术会怎么样发展。


专利代理人的任务是撰写可以保护发明的权利要求,当技术有了进步,只要这些改进基于专利权人的发明,那么,专利权人就可以去主张权利,而不是让别人利用了我们的发明,却不用向我们缴纳许可费。


这个任务不简单啊。但是,圆珠笔发明人John Loud的律师,William Dowss实际上完成了这个任务。 上述权利要求1只是我们撰写的一个反面示例。


如果John Loud的专利今天仍然有效,那么,William Dowss为他撰写的权利要求,可以让他对市场上销售的任何一支圆珠笔收取专利许可费。


因为,Dowss撰写的权利要求1,只用了9个英文单词,就成功的抽象出所有圆珠笔都具有的概念。


1. A pen having a spheroidal marking-point, substantially as described.


其中,真正揭示出圆珠笔这个发明的概念,只有一个特征:“具有一个球形书写头”。


Dowss撰写的权利要求2,也同样的简洁却有力。


2. A pen having a marking sphere capable of revolving in all directions, substantially as and for the purposes described.


Dowss在1888年撰写这个权利要求时,他并没有预见到未来的生产工艺可以使得一个圆珠笔的笔芯,仅依靠圆珠和其支座之间的紧密配合,就可以调节墨水的流量。但是,他撰写的权利要求,却可以在技术已经改进的情况下,仍然有效的保护发明。下图为专利文件上专利律师的签名:

那么,Dowss是如何撰写出权利要求,可以让竞争对手基于我们的发明改进的技术,必须要实施我们的专利,从而向我们缴纳专利许可费呢?


这种撰写权利要求的方法,被一个美国人Ronald D. Slusky称为“问题—解决方案声明(The Problem-Solution Statement)”法。


实际上,我们上面举得例子,就来源于他的专著 Invention Analysis and Claiming:A Patent Lawyer’s Guide.



在这本书中,作者介绍了专利代理人该如何分析发明的概念,并撰写权利要求,他指出:


The patent attorney’s primary mission is to discover the inventive concept underlying the inventor’s embodiment, and then to capture the inventive concept in the patent claims. To fail in that mission is to open the door for a competitor to take advantage of the inventor’s contribution to the art while avoiding liability under the patent.


所谓“问题—解决方案声明(The Problem-Solution Statement)”法,简单说,就是通过下面的句式,来分析专利的真正概念是什么?


The problem(s) of                   is(are) solved by                     .  


例如,圆珠笔发明的“问题—解决方案声明”为:


The problem of  a pen being able to write on rough surface   is solved by  the pen having a spheroidal marking point  .  


因而,圆珠笔发明真正要解决的技术问题是如何在粗糙的表面也可以书写,而解决这一问题所采用的方法,只是使用球形的书写头,并不需要“具有收缩口”来支撑圆珠,以及“墨水流量调节器”来调节墨水这些特征。


作者进一步指出,基于说明书或者实施例中有形的发明,而在权利要求中写入最少的“必要技术特征”是危险的,因为,随着技术的进步,那些曾经的“必要技术特征”也许会变得不再是必要的了。


所以,一定要理解发明是一种“概念”,而“问题—解决方案声明(The Problem-Solution Statement)”法就是让我们抽象出发明的概念的方法,可以让我们把握发明的实质,避免在权利要求只是描述了说明书中具体的有形的发明,而没有提炼出发明的概念。


其实,这个“问题—解决方案声明(The Problem-Solution Statement)”法,也并不是Invention Analysis and Claiming的作者原创的。正如本书介绍中所说:


The book's teachings are grounded in "old school" principles of patent practice that, before now, have been learned only on the job from supervisors and mentors. 


这种撰写权利要求的方法,是对此前在专利工作者师徒之间流传多年的经验的总结。


本书的作者Ronald D. Slusky在贝尔工作室工作了31年,并且有13年是作为内部专利律师的导师,此后,他又作为一个外部执业律师。他的这本专著就是他作为专利律师导师的经验总结。


与此有异曲同工之妙的,是另外一本美国的专著,我之前曾选刊了其部分内容。


Patent Engineering: A Guide to Building a Valuable Patent Portfolio and Controlling the Marketplace



专利工程简介 | 《专利工程》连载 001


这本书的作者Donald Rimai在柯达公司工作了30多年,在他工作后期,负责柯达公司数字印刷技术的知识产权管理。他把自己专利管理的核心经验总结为:特定问题或者“拥有问题” (Problem-Specific Filing or “Owning the Problem”) 的专利战略。其关键也是如何拥有解决某个问题的发明,从而真正保护发明。


例如:如果要申请发电厂空气过滤器专利,你应该申请的是空气过滤的方式(如吸收,吸附和范德华相互作用),而不是采用何种具体材料,这样你就会“拥有问题”,别人就很难绕过你的专利。






今天分享的第二部分,是一个国外律师介绍如何撰写权利要求的视频和文字脚本。在这个9分钟的视频里,他介绍了5个权利要求撰写的步骤,和12个常犯的错误,也供大家参考。


在他的介绍中,首先强调的撰写原则,也是如何证明侵权和防止竞争对手进行规避。


https://v.qq.com/txp/iframe/player.html?vid=t0731zwl96n&width=500&height=375&auto=0


Some general considerations 


- How infringement will be proven? You have to keep in mind how easy it will be to deliver proof for patent infringement. Can you later easily find proof for a complex mixture of polymers in the final product with regard to their identity and their weight percentages?


 - How can the claims be circumvented and avoided by competitors? Always have the infringer in mind when drafting patent claims. What would you tell an infringer how he could circumvent this patent claim? 


Now for the basic steps how to draft patent claims: 


1) What is the invention, what are the pieces and parts of the invention. Are there multiple versions of the invention? First you need to really understand the invention in great details and understand, how a particular example of the invention works from start to finish. 


2) Search for Prior Art: do a good search for prior art and identify as many differences to the invention per relevant document as possible. 


3) Two-Part-Claims: Preamble, Body: The most generic version of your invention is defined. There is at least some difference when compared with the prior art. Try to find one feature or an as broad as possible combination of features that distinguishes the claimed subject matter from the prior art. 


4) Are all features somehow connected? If the features are not physically or logically connected, the examiner may object to the claims for expressing several distinct inventions and you may have to divide the patent application.


5) Different claim types? Did you use different claim types? 


12 common mistakes:


- More than one sentence: only write one sentence per claim. Otherwise it is considered unclear and the features of the second sentence may not be seen as limiting the scope. 


- Word “and”: when claiming a list of things that are parts of an invention, use the word “and” only before the last part in a list. 


- Transitional phrases: characterized in that, Comprising, consisting of, having, composed of: “characterized in that” divides the preamble of a claim from the body and is the most common and general phrase to do so. “Comprising” is followed by an open list that may also comprise additional elements that are not listed in the claim. “consisting of” is followed by a closed list. No other elements are present in the invention 


- typically resulting in a very narrow scope. 


- Inconsistent terminology: always use the same word for the same concept in your patent application. Example: do not use car and automobile in your application to mean the exact same concept.


- Claiming a result: try to avoid claiming a result rather than the concepts achieve the result. Result oriented language is typically objected to as unclear.


- Too little detail: Don't leave anything out of a claim which is necessary to work the invention and necessary to distinguish the claim from the prior art. 


- Too much detail: try to leave out any feature that is not necessary to work the invention and distinguish the claimed invention from the prior art. This will make your claim too narrow. 


- Dependent claims that broaden or contradict the independent claims: 


- No trademarks in claims: avoid trademarks in claims 


- Avoid “means plus function”


- Antecendent basis: when you first introduce a new feature in the set of claims, use the indefinite article. From then on use the definite article “the” to refer this this particular feature previously mentioned in the claims. 


Now for my personal strategy to get a really strong set of claims and patent application: 


1) Identify the most relevant e.g. 5 prior art documents. 


2) Identify as many technical differences to each of these documents, e.g. at least 20 per document. 


3) Use the common differentiating feature that can least easily be circumvented by infringers as the body in the first claim. Include other such features in the dependent claims. Include all other such features in the description as preferred embodiments. 




从上面的介绍可以看到,在1888年,美国的专利律师就已经可以熟练的撰写出真正保护发明的权利要求。


近些年,那些具有几十年工作经验的企业IPR,还在不断的反思和总结,形成具有可操作的撰写方法,以便更好的保护发明。


总之,纵观一下美国对权利要求撰写的实务指导,我们发现他们主要以专利维权为目标,强调如何真正保护发明;反观一下国内的情况,大部分关于权利要求撰写的指导,还在以专利授权为目标,强调如何满足专利法和审查指南的规定,少有从维权角度撰写的可操作方法。


因此,我们有必要借鉴国外的经验,在撰写权利要求时,在确保专利授权的基础上,进一步考虑专利维权,利用抽象发明真正解决的问题的方法,保护发明的实质概念。只有做好这些基础工作,才能更好的保护我们的知识产权,实现专利价值。



本文提到的两本专著,Invention Analysis and Claiming:A Patent Lawyer’s Guide,以及,Patent Engineering: A Guide to Building a Valuable Patent Portfolio and Controlling the Marketplace,都是我创建的提升专利实务能力教学平台的指定教程,点击下面链接了解。


专利实务能力提升计划


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