The Making of Silicon Valley II | 硅谷的诞生（下）

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1957: Sherman Fairchild 希尔曼·费而柴尔德

In August 1957, the Traitorous Eight, as they became known, formed Fairchild Semiconductor under Fairchild Camera and Instruments. The newly founded Fairchild Semiconductor soon grew into a leader of the semiconductor industry. In 1960, it became an incubator of Silicon Valley and was directly or indirectly involved in the creation of dozens of corporations, including Intel and AMD. These many spin-off companies came to be known as "Fairchildren".

1957年8月，八叛逆在费尔柴尔德相机和仪器公司建立了费尔柴尔德半导体公司。新成立的半导体公司很快成长为行业的领导者。1960年，它成为硅谷的孵化器，直接或间接导致了包括英特尔和AMD在内的数十家公司的创建。这些众多的分拆公司后来被称为“费尔柴尔德的孩子们”。

1958 to 1961, The Birth of Integrated Circuits 集成电路的诞生

Transistors were very popular at the time, used in everything from radios to phones, and computers. But the manufacturers needed something better, something smaller. Transistors required to be connected by wires and this made the devices bulky. Why not make a whole circuit i.e. transistors, wires, and everything else in one single chip? 

当时晶体管非常流行，从收音机到，电话和电脑，无所不在。但制造商需要更好更小的东西。晶体管需要通过电线连接，这使得器件体积庞大。为什么不把一个完整的电路，即晶体管、电线和其他所有东西放在一个芯片上呢？

Jack Kilby, working at Texas Instruments figured that nobody was making capacitors or resistors out of semiconductors. He thought if he could use silicon to build all parts of a circuit, not just transistor, then the entire circuit could be built out of a single crystal. On February 6, 1958, Texas Instruments filed a patent and their first "Solid Circuit" the size of a pencil point, was shown off for the first time in March.

在德州仪器公司工作的杰克·基尔比发现，没有人用半导体制造电容或电阻部件。他认为如果他能用硅来制造电路的所有部分，而不仅仅是晶体管，那么整个电路就可以用一个单晶来制造。1958年2月6日，德州仪器公司申请了一项专利；次月，他们的第一个铅笔尖大小的“固态电路”首次展出。

In January 1959, Robert Noyce working at Fairchild Semiconductor had similar ideas. While the idea had already been implemented by Kilby, Noyce thought of a much better way to connect the parts. That spring, Fairchild began building what they called "unitary circuits" and also applied for a patent. On April 25, 1961, Noyce was awarded the first patent for integrated circuit while Kilby's application was still being analyzed. Both men are acknowledged as having independently conceived the idea.

1959年1月，在费尔柴尔德半导体公司工作的罗伯特诺伊斯也产生了类似的想法。虽然这个想法已经被基尔比实现了，Noyce想了一个更好的方法来连接各个部分。那年春天，费尔柴尔德开始建造所谓的“单元电路”，并申请了专利。1961年4月25日，诺伊斯获得了第一项集成电路专利，而基尔比的申请那时候仍在分析中。这两个人都被认为是独立构思了这个想法。

1971, Intel creates the world's first microprocessor: The Intel 4004 英特尔创造了世界上第一个微处理器：英特尔4004

Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce left Fairchild Semiconductor and started their own company, Intel, in 1968. Intel went on to create the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 and that year, the term "Silicon Valley" was used for the first time by the media.

戈登·摩尔和罗伯特·诺伊斯于1968年离开费尔柴尔德半导体公司，创办了自己的公司英特尔。英特尔接着创造了世界上第一个微处理器，英特尔4004，那年，“硅谷”这个词首次被媒体使用。

Venture Capital Firms 风险投资公司

Venture capitals were attracted in part by Stanford University and its engineering faculty, which encouraged graduates to translate their tech ideas into marketable products. Graduates provided a product while venture capitals provided…you guessed it, capital. Since they wanted a return of their investments, the venture capitals were forcing the graduates to work harder and faster developing new products. Venture capitals had driven Silicon Valley's technological boom.

斯坦福大学及其工程学院吸引了部分风险投资，鼓励毕业生将自己的技术理念转化为适销对路的产品。毕业生提供了一个产品，而风险投资公司提供了…你猜对了，资本。由于这些公司想要投资回报，风险投资迫使毕业生更加努力、更快地开发新产品。风险投资推动了硅谷的技术繁荣。

The New Gold Rush 新淘金热

As venture capitals and the government through various institutions such as NASA, were investing heavily and buying innovative products from Silicon Valley-based startups, the companies and individuals operating in the area became very rich. The freedom of employment also created nuclear growth. For example, the "Traitorous Eight" over the course of 20 years gave forth 65 new enterprises, which also did the same. 

随着风险投资公司和政府通过美国宇航局等多家机构大量投资，并从硅谷初创企业购买创新产品，在该地区运营的公司和个人变得非常富有。就业自由也创造了核增长。例如，20年来，“八叛逆”已经产生了65家新的企业，这些企业又继续产生更多的企业。

And the process is still going on until now. All these enterprises generate trillions of dollars every year. In comparison, the California Gold Rush generated only about 350 million dollars. Computers were seen as the next Gold since it had the potential to become the swiss knife version of the technology. Anyone who could create personal computers would strike gold. Many computer clubs were set up around the region to discuss and share innovative ideas.

这个过程直到现在还在进行。所有这些企业每年都产生数万亿美元的收入。相比之下，加州淘金热只产生了约3.5亿美元。计算机被视为下一块黄金机会，因为它有潜力成为技术方面的瑞士刀版。任何能发明个人电脑的人，都会大获全胜。在该地区设立了许多计算机俱乐部，讨论和分享创新与想法。

Microsoft 微软公司

In 1975, Bill Gates and Paul Allen developed a version of BASIC for the Altair personal computer and found Microsoft company.

1975年，比尔盖茨和保罗艾伦为牵牛星个人电脑开发了BASIC版本，并成立了微软公司。

First Personal Computer 第一台个人电脑

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were introduced by a friend, Bill Fernandez who attended the Homestead High School with Steve Wozniak. Steve Wozniak was working for HP at the time. Both of them shared a deep interest in Computers and Steve Wozniak started building homemade machines since the age of 12. Steve Jobs encouraged Steve Wozniak to design a commercial computer, but before he did, the first kit of a personal computer came to life in 1975, the Altair 8800 and became very popular. 

史蒂夫·乔布斯和史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克是由一位朋友比尔·费尔南德斯介绍认识的，他和史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克一起在宅基地高中上学。沃兹尼亚克当时在惠普工作。他们俩都对电脑有着浓厚的兴趣，沃兹尼亚克从12岁开始捣鼓自制机器。乔布斯鼓励沃兹尼亚克设计一台商用电脑。但他还没完成，世界第一台个人电脑在1975年问世，即Altair 8800，并迅速流行起来。

Motivated by the difficulty of acquiring this device, Steve Wozniak decided to work on his own prototype. The two worked on the first model in Job's garage and named it Apple 1. Jobs was responsible for marketing it while Wozniak was responsible for technical improvements. After testing it for months, they launched it to the public as one of the first personal computers.

由于他没办法得到这个设备，沃兹尼亚克决定开发自己的原型机。两人在乔布斯的车库里制作了第一个模型，并将其命名为苹果1。乔布斯负责营销，沃兹尼亚克负责技术改进。经过数月的测试，他们将其作为首批个人电脑之一向公众推出。

After the success of Apple 1, Wozniak quit his job at HP to be the Vice president of the rising company called Apple Computer Company founded on April 1, 1976. Apple Computer Company went on to build several products such as Apple II, Apple II Plus, Apple IIe etc. In a short time, Apple was one of the best and most recognized companies in the world. In1980, Apple went public for a record $1.3 billion.

苹果1号成功后，沃兹尼亚克辞去了在惠普的工作，成为1976年4月1日成立的苹果电脑公司的副总裁。苹果电脑公司接着推出了苹果II、苹果II Plus、苹果IIe等产品，在很短的时间内，苹果成为世界上最好、最受认可的公司之一。1980年，苹果公司上市，融资13亿美元创下纪录。

Steve Wozniak had an accident in 1981 and his recovery took two years. When he recovered, he decided to leave Apple and found a new company dedicated to building wireless devices.

沃兹尼亚克在1981年出了事故，花了两年时间才康复。康复后，他决定离开苹果，并成立了一家致力于制造无线设备的新公司。

In 1977, three personal computers were introduced, Apple II, the Tandy Radio Shack TRS 80, and the Commodore Business Machines Personal Electronic Transactor (PET). Of these, the TRS 80 dominated the market, it came with 4 kilobytes of memory, a Z80 microprocessor, a BASIC programming language, and cassettes for data storage, and in order to cut production costs, the machine was built without the ability to type lowercase letters! It’s worth mentioning that, in that year, more than 27,000 people were employed in the Semiconductor industry of Silicon Valley.

1977年出品了三款个人电脑，苹果II，坦迪无线电小屋TRS80，和Commodore商务机个人电子交易（PET）。其中，TRS 80占据了市场的主导地位，它配备了4千字节的内存、一个Z80微处理器、BASIC编程语言和用于数据存储的磁带。为了降低生产成本，这台机器的开发者没设计键入小写字母！值得一提的是，当年硅谷半导体行业从业人员超过2.7万人。

IBMPC

IBM entered personal computer market later in 1981, when it introduced the IBM Personal Computer. It became the world's most popular personal computer and it used operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation, MS DOS.

IBM于1981年晚些时候进入个人电脑市场，当时它推出了IBM个人电脑，成为世界上最流行的个人电脑，并使用微软公司开发的操作系统MS-DOS。

GUI 图形用户界面

With competition from IBM, Apple had to innovate more and create better products to win back the market. In 1983, Apple came up with Lisa, the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI), GUI is a display format that allows the user to select commands, open files, start programs, and other tasks by using a device called a mouse to point to icons or lists on the screen. 

在与IBM的竞争中，苹果不得不进行更多的创新，创造更好的产品来赢回市场。1983年，苹果公司推出了Lisa，这是第一台具有图形用户界面（GUI）的个人电脑，GUI是一种显示格式，它允许用户通过使用鼠标指向屏幕上的图标或列表来选择命令、打开文件、启动程序和其他任务。

The format became the basis of Apple's Macintosh personal Computer introduced in 1984 and was very successful. The GUI was adopted by many other companies and in 1985, Microsoft Corporation introduced Microsoft Windows, Windows would become the dominating operating system for personal computers.

这种格式成为苹果公司1984年推出的Macintosh个人电脑的基础，而这次使得苹果公司非常成功。图形用户界面后来被许多其他公司采用，1985年，微软公司推出了微软Windows，Windows 后来成为个人电脑的主流操作系统。

The Internet 万维网

All the technologies discussed above made the beginning of the new technological revolution that we see today. On October 29, 1969, a student programmer at UCLA, Charley Kline, sent two letters, "l" and "o" electronically to Stanford Research Institute computer in Menlo Park, California. This message was the first of its kind and it was the beginning of the Internet, known as ARPANET at the time. In 1972, Ray Tomlinson created email and used the @ sign to separate the name of the sender and computer.

上面讨论的所有技术都是我们今天所看到的新技术革命的开端。1969年10月29日，加州大学洛杉矶分校的一名学生程序员查利·克莱恩用电子方式向加州门罗公园的斯坦福研究所计算机发送了两点自信号“l”和“o”。这条信息是互联网的开始，在当时被称为ARPANET。1972年，雷·汤姆林森创建了电子邮件，并使用@符号来分隔发件人和计算机的名称。

In 1995, the Internet opened up to the world of commerce. In a few short years, it transformed the entire economy, as well as the culture of the world. Names like AOL, Amazon, Craigslist and eBay entered the public's vocabulary. Startups grew like mushrooms after a rainstorm. Everybody wanted a piece of the action. And the best place to get it was Silicon Valley. The new gold rush involves bottomless gold reserves of information Technology. 92 public companies that can be traced back to Fairchild, are now worth a combined amount of $2.1 trillion!

1995年，互联网向商业世界开放。在短短的几年里，它改变了整个经济，也改变了整个世界。像美国在线、亚马逊、克雷格列表和易趣这样的公司进入了公众的日常生活中。这些公司开始快速发展，而每个人都想参与这一个新领域分一块蛋糕。而最好的地方是硅谷。新一轮淘金热追逐的是信息技术的无限黄金储备。从费尔柴尔德分离出来的92家上市公司，现在总市值达2.1万亿美元！

The wealth that Silicon Valley generates is astonishing. By the end of the 1980s, as the computer revolution got into full swing, the average income in Silicon Valley was about 50% higher than the average income for the entire country. In addition, the NASDAQ Exchange, which was founded in 1971 and was closely identified with tech companies, grew into what would eventually become the second-largest stock exchange in the world.

硅谷创造的财富令人吃惊。到20世纪80年代末，随着计算机革命的全面展开，硅谷的平均收入比全国平均收入高出50%左右。此外，与科技公司密切相关、成立于1971年的纳斯达克交易所，最终发展成为全球第二大证券交易所。

IoT 物联网

As of now, the device you are using to read this article is thousands of times more powerful than the computers used in the Apollo Lunar Mission. That is the computers that helped to put the first human on the moon's surface. At the time, a lot of world's firsts were established, e.g. the world's first smallest, fastest computer, the world's first high-speed data networks, etc. Although these were designed at MIT, much kudos goes to Silicon Valley for the technology. For example, the Apollo computer was the first computer of any significance to use integrated circuits developed in Silicon Valley. 

到目前为止，你用来阅读这篇文章的设备比阿波罗登月任务中使用的计算机强大数千倍。这是一个帮助人类第一次登上月球上的计算机。当时，许多电脑世界的第一突破开始了，例如世界上第一台最小、最快的计算机，世界上第一个高速数据网络等等。虽然这些都是在麻省理工学院设计的，但荣誉归于硅谷。例如，阿波罗计算机是第一台使用硅谷开发的集成电路的重要计算机。

The Apollo guidance computer had just 73 kilobytes of memory! Now I think thousands of times is very generous on my estimate because if you are using an eight Gigabytes phone, then it is more than 100, 000 times more powerful than the Apollo guidance computer. Your microwave alone is more powerful than the Apollo guidance computer. But the microwave is not just a computer you are using, that smartwatch on your wrist, your smart lock, smart TV, etc. They are all computers connected to the world wide web in order to help us solve real-world problems.

阿波罗导航计算机只有73千字节的内存！其实我刚才说的强大数千倍是非常保守的，因为即使你使用的是8G的手机，那么它的功能是阿波罗导航计算机的10万多倍。你的微波炉比阿波罗导航计算机更强大。但是微波炉不仅仅是一台你正在使用的电脑，还有你的智能手表，智能锁，智能电视，等等。这些都是连接到万维网的计算机，以帮助我们解决现实世界的问题。

In the end, it all started in Silicon Valley, and this is the making of Silicon Valley.

最后，一切都从硅谷开始，这就是硅谷的诞生。

End

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