The Rise of Hollywood 好莱坞的崛起

Original Muzee 宝安外语协会

↑ Click above to follow us!

点击上方 宝安外语协会 关注我们

Hollywood is a neighborhood in Los Angeles California that is usually associated with money, power, and the entertainment industry. It is home to numerous famous television and movie studios, and record companies. But what many people don’t know is that Hollywood has humble roots: It began as a small agricultural community and evolved into a diverse, thriving metropolis where stars are born and dreams come true - for a lucky few.

好莱坞是加州洛杉矶的一个街区，常常象征着金钱、权力，以及娱乐业。这里有许多著名的电视电影制片厂和唱片公司。但很多人不知道的是好莱坞的谦逊开始：那就是它从一个小农业社区发展到一个多元化、繁荣的大都市，这里是产明星和梦想成真的地方 - 当然也只有少数幸运儿能够实现。

Hollywood’s Humble Beginnings 好莱坞的卑微起始

▲One of the earliest Hollywood movie Studio

好莱坞最早的电影制片厂之一

In 1853, a small adobe hut was all that existed where Hollywood stands today. But over the next two decades, the area became a thriving agricultural community called Cahuenga Valley.

在1853年，好莱坞所在的地方只有一个小型的土坯小屋。但是此后二十年中，该地区成为了一个繁荣的农业社区，称为卡胡恩加谷。

When politician and real estate developer Harvey Wilcox and his second wife Daeida moved to Los Angeles from Topeka, Kansas in 1883, he purchased 150 acres of land west of Hollywood and attempted to try his hand at ranching. His efforts didn‘t go well, however, so in 1887, he filed plans with the Los Angeles County Recorder’s office to subdivide the land. Soon, Prospect Avenue and upscale homes sprung up.

1883年时，政治家和房地产开发商哈维·威尔科克斯和他的第二任妻子大田从堪萨斯州托皮卡搬到洛杉矶，他们在这里买下了好莱坞以西150英亩的土地准备经营牧场。不幸的是项目进展得并不顺利。1887年，他向洛杉矶县记录办公室提交了分割土地的计划，不久后，展望大道建成而且高档住宅如雨后春笋般涌现。

H.J. Whitley 惠特利

At the beginning of the 20th century, Hollywood had a post office, markets, a hotel, and a street car. In 1902, banker and real estate mogul H. J. Whitley, also known as the "Father of Hollywood," stepped in.

到20世纪初，好莱坞已有邮局、市场、旅馆和电车。 1902年，银行家兼房地产大亨H. J. 惠特利 - “好莱坞之父” 来到了这里。

▲ The Hollywood Hotel

好莱坞酒店

Whitley opened the Hollywood Hotel - now the site of the Dolby Theater, which hosts the annual Oscars ceremony - and developed Ocean View Tract, an upscale residential neighborhood. He also helped finance the building of a bank.

惠特利开设了好莱坞酒店，位于现在的杜比剧院的所在地，在此举办一年一度的奥斯卡颁奖典礼，他又开发了高档住宅区“海景地带”。他还帮助为一家银行的开建提供资金。

▲ Hollywood Boulevard from Kodak Theater

从柯达剧院拍下来的好莱坞林荫大道

Hollywood incorporated in 1903 and merged with Los Angeles in 1910. At that time, Prospect Avenue became the now-famous Hollywood Boulevard.

好莱坞于1903年成立，并于1910年与洛杉矶合并。那时，展望大道成为了如今著名的好莱坞大道。

How Hollywood Got Its Name 莱坞这名字的来源

How Hollywood got its name is disputed. According to one story, after Harvey and Daeida Wilcox learned there was an Ohio town called Hollywood, she named their ranch the same and the name stuck. Another story states H. J. Whitley came up with the name while honeymooning in the area in 1886. Whichever story is correct (if either), all three people played an important role in the famous city's development.

好莱坞这个名字的来源是有争议的。根据一个说法，在哈维和大田夫妇得知俄亥俄州有一个名为好莱坞的小镇后，他们决定用这个名字命名他们的牧场，而从此就叫开了。另一个说法是惠特利于1886年在该地区度蜜月时想出了这个名字。无论哪个故事是真的，这三个人在这座著名城市的发展中都发挥了重要作用。

Hollywood Film Studios 好莱坞电影工作室

The first film completed in Hollywood was 1908's The Count of Monte Cristo, although production of the film began in Chicago. The first film made entirely in Hollywood was a short film in 1910 titled In Old California. By 1911, the first movie studio appeared on Sunset Boulevard. By 1915, a number of major motion-picture companies had relocated to Hollywood from the East Coast.

在好莱坞完成制作的第一部电影是1908年的《基督山伯爵》，尽管这部电影的制作始于芝加哥。第一部完全在好莱坞制作的电影是1910年的一部短片《老加利福尼亚》。到1911年，第一家电影制片厂成立于日落大道上，再到1915年，当时的许多主要电影公司已经从东海岸迁到好莱坞。

Hollywood was an ideal place to produce movies since filmmakers couldn’t be sued there for infringing on motion picture film patents held by Thomas Edison and his Motion Picture Patents Company. It also had warm, predictably sunny weather and diverse terrain perfect for movie backdrops.

当时的好莱坞是制作电影的理想之地，因为电影制片人不会因侵犯托马斯·爱迪生及其电影公司的电影专利而被起诉。此外，好莱坞气候暖和，日照时间长，天气稳定，以及拥有适合各种电影背景的多样地形。

Hollywood Sign 好莱坞标牌

The Hollywood sign is a must-see tourist attraction, although it didn’t start out that way. It was originally a clever electric billboard advertising an upscale suburban neighborhood in what is now the Hollywood Hills.

好莱坞标牌是一个必看的旅游景点，但是它刚开始不是现在这个样。它最初是现在的好莱坞山的一个电子广告牌，为一个高档郊区社区做广告。

The sign originally said, Hollywoodland, and was erected in 1923 by Los Angeles Times publisher and real estate developer Harry Chandler at a cost of $21,000. Each original letter was 30 feet wide and 43 feet tall and attached to telephone poles. Four thousand light bulbs illuminated the sign.

该标志最初是Hollywoodland，由洛杉矶时报发行商和房地产开发商哈里·钱德勒于1923年建立，造价为2.1万美元。每个原始字母宽30英尺，高43英尺，并固定在电话杆上，由四千个灯泡照亮。

The sign was supposed to last just one and a half years; however, it became part of Hollywood's culture and remained. During the Great Depression, the sign deteriorated. It was partially restored in 1949 and the last four letters removed. In the late 1970s, the sign was restored again and has been featured in countless movies, including Superman, Mighty Joe Young and The Day After Tomorrow.

这个标志本应只展示一年半；然而，因为它后来成为了好莱坞文化不可缺少的一部分所以被保留下来。大萧条时期，它老化腐蚀损毁，1949年经过小小的修复且拆了最后四个字母。上世纪70年代末，这个标志再次经过修复，它在无数电影中出现，包括《超人》，《强大的乔·扬》和《明天之后》。

The Golden Age of Hollywood 好莱坞的黄金时代

The Golden Age of Hollywood was a period of great growth, experimentation and change in the industry that brought international prestige to Hollywood and its movie stars. Under the all-controlling studio system of the era, five movie studios known as the "Big Five" dominated: Warner Brothers, RKO, Fox, MGM and Paramount. Smaller studios included Columbia, Universal and United Artists.

好莱坞黄金时代是一个行业蓬勃发展，不断试验和变化的时期，为好莱坞及其电影明星带来了国际声誉。在那个时代的全控制制片厂体制下，五个被称为“五大”的电影制片厂占据了主导地位：分别是华纳兄弟，RKO，福克斯，米高梅和派拉蒙；小一些的包括哥伦比亚，环球和联合艺术家。

The Golden Age of Hollywood began with the silent movie era (though some people say it started at the end of the silent movie age). Dramatic films such as D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915) and comedies such as The Kid (1921) starring Charlie Chaplin were popular nationwide. Soon, movie stars such as Chaplin, the Marx Brothers and Tallulah Bankhead were adored everywhere.

好莱坞的黄金时代始于无声电影时代（尽管有人说它始于无声电影时代的末期）。像大卫·格里菲斯1915年的《国家的诞生》和卓别林主演的1921年喜剧《孩子》等戏剧电影在全国都很受欢迎。很快，卓别林、马克思兄弟和塔鲁拉·班克黑德等电影明星受到全民崇拜。

With the introduction of movies with sound, Hollywood producers churned out Westerns, musicals, romantic dramas, horror films and documentaries. Studio movie stars were even more idolized, and Hollywood increased its reputation as the land of affluence and fame. During World War I, after President Woodrow Wilson declared war on Germany, the Big Five jumped on the political-propaganda bandwagon.

随着有声电影的推出，好莱坞制片人大量制作西部片、音乐剧、浪漫剧、恐怖片和纪录片。电影制片厂的明星们更加偶像化，好莱坞也增加了它作为财富和名望之乡的地位。第一次世界大战期间，伍德罗·威尔逊总统对德国宣战后，五巨头（五大电影制片厂）加入了政治宣传浪潮。

Often under pressure and guidance from the Wilson administration, they produced educational shorts and reels on war preparedness and military recruitment. They also lent out their wide roster of popular actors to promote America's war efforts. By the 1930s, at the height of Hollywood's Golden Age, the movie industry was one of the largest businesses in the United States. Even in the depths of the Great Depression, movies were a weekly escape for many people who loved trading their struggles for a fictional, often dazzling world, if only for a couple of hours. Despite the tough economic times, it's estimated up to 80 million Americans went to the movies each week during the Depression.

制片人常常在威尔逊政府的压力和指导下制作有关战争准备和军事招募的教育短片。他们还利用了众多明星的影响力来推广美国的战争付出。到1930年代，在好莱坞黄金时代的鼎盛时期，电影业已成为美国最大的行业之一。即使在大萧条最糟糕的时候，电影变成了许多人摆脱现实，经验虚幻世界的方式，即使只是几个小时也觉得很值得。尽管那时候经济条件很困难，但大萧条期间每周仍有多达8000万美国人去看电影。

Some of the greatest films made in all of Hollywood history were made in the late 1930s, such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Gone with the Wind, Jezebel, A Star Is Born, Citizen Kane, and Wuthering Heights.

一些好莱坞历史上顶级的电影是在1930年代后期制作的，例如《白雪公主和七个小矮人》，《史密斯先生去华盛顿》，《乱世佳人》，《耶洗别》，《星辰诞生》，《公民凯恩》和《呼啸山庄》等。

Hollywood During World War II 第二次世界大战中的好莱坞

As World War II dominated news headlines, people needed to laugh more than ever, and Hollywood was happy to oblige them. Movie studios created scripts for their funniest comedians such as Bud Abbott, Lou Costello, Bob Hope and Jack Benny. Pre-movie cartoon reels left audiences guffawing and were often used to promote war propaganda in a lighthearted way. On a serious note, documentary news reels brought the realities of war to life in ways audiences had never experienced yet couldn't resist.

由于二战占据了新闻头条，人们比以往任何时候都更需要找笑点，好莱坞则很乐意满足他们需求。电影制片厂利用最搞笑的喜剧演员如巴德·阿博特、卢·科斯特洛、鲍勃·霍普和杰克·本尼创作剧本。电影前的动画片让观众目瞪口呆，常常被用来无忧地宣传战争。值得一提的是，纪实新闻纪录片以观众从未经历但无法抗拒的方式将战争的现实展现给他们看。

Hays Code 海斯法典

In 1948, the Supreme Court ruled movie studios couldn’t own movie theaters that showed only their films. This was the beginning of the end of the Golden Age of Hollywood. The ruling forced the Big Five to sell their movie theaters and become more selective about the films they produced. Movie studios were also bound by the Hays Code, a voluntary set of rules for censorship in movies.

在1948年，美国最高法院裁定电影制片厂不能拥有只放映自己产电影的电影院。这是好莱坞黄金时代结束的开始。这项裁决迫使五大电影制片公司出售影院而对自己制作的电影更加挑剔。电影制片厂也受到《海斯法典》（Hays Code）的约束，这是一套自发电影检查规则。

As television popularity exploded in the 1950s, movie attendance suffered. In the 1960s, foreign movie studios proved they could easily snag some of Hollywood's glory with their James Bond franchise and movies such as Zulu and Lawrence of Arabia. Finally, with the advent of tabloid magazines, many Hollywood stars were called out for scandal and questionable behavior, eradicating their wholesome images and knocking them from their lofty pedestals.

20世纪50年代，随着电视的普及，电影的上座率受到了影响。20世纪60年代，外国电影制片厂凭借其詹姆斯·邦德系列电影，《祖鲁》和《阿拉伯的劳伦斯》等电影，证明了他们也可以轻松地获得好莱坞的荣誉。最后，随着小报杂志的出现，许多好莱坞明星因丑闻和问题行为而被批评，影响了好莱坞的整体形象，冲击了他们的崇高地位。

Hollywood Ten 好莱坞十人

During the Cold War, paranoia grew in Hollywood and the rest of the United States over communism. In 1947, the House of Representatives decided to investigate communism in films. At least 40 people in the movie industry were called to testify. Ten directors and screenwriters, known as the Hollywood Ten, chose to challenge the legality of HUAC's actions. They claimed the investigation violated their civil rights; however, their efforts backfired when they were held in contempt of Congress, fined and eventually jailed.

冷战期间，对共产主义的偏执和恐惧泛滥于狂好莱坞和美国的其他地区。 1947年，众议院决定对电影业中的共产主义进行调查。电影界至少有40人被要求作证。十名导演和编剧（被称为好莱坞十人）选择挑战HUAC行为的合法性。他们声称调查侵犯了他们的公民权利；然而，他们失败了后十人被罚并最终入狱。

The Dark Side of Hollywood 好莱坞的阴暗面

On the surface, Hollywood reeks of glitz, but a dark side lurks underneath. As Oscar Levant famously quipped, "Strip away the phony tinsel of Hollywood, and you'll find the real tinsel underneath." Each year, the appeal of fame attracts thousands of starry-eyed runaways and naive dream-pursuers to Hollywood with little chance of making it big.

从表面上看，好莱坞充满了浮华的气息，但背后却隐藏着黑暗的一面。正如奥斯卡·莱万特的著名调侃：“剥去好莱坞表面的假金箔，你会在下面找到真正的金箔。”每年，好莱坞吸引上千上万的想成名和天真的人前来追求梦想，但成功的机会却微乎其微。

Many spend what little money they have on acting classes, agents and headshots. When the money runs out, these would-be stars often become desperate, even homeless. Some turn to drugs, prostitution or the area's thriving porn industry.

许多寻梦者把本就不多的钱花在表演课、经纪人和宣传上。当钱用光时，这些渴望成为明星的人往往丧失希望，甚至无家可归。遇到这样的结局大部分人会转向用毒品，卖淫或加入该地区蓬勃发展的色情行业。

Drug and alcohol use have always been rampant in Hollywood and is often blamed on the stress of fame and a non-stop flow of money. Hundreds of celebrities have experienced drug or alcohol-related deaths including Marilyn Monroe, Judy Garland, William Holden, Truman Capote, Heath Ledger, etc.

毒品和酒精的使用在好莱坞一直很猖獗，经常被归咎于名声的压力和源源不断的资金流动。数以百计的名人经历过与毒品或酒精有关的死亡，他们包括玛丽莲梦露，朱迪加兰，威廉霍顿，杜鲁门卡波特，希斯莱杰等。

But Hollywood's biggest secret may be rampant sexual abuse. Although the "casting couch" has existed since the dawn of movies, it reached a scandalous climax in 2017 when The New York Times broke the story that movie studio mogul Harvey Weinstein had allegedly sexually abused actors and employees for decades. He was fired from his movie studio as dozens of victims came forward to accuse him.

但好莱坞最大的秘密可能是性虐待。尽管“床笫选角”自电影之初就已经存在，但在2017年，当纽约时报报道了电影制片人哈维·韦恩斯坦涉嫌对演员和雇员进行性虐待数十年的故事时，这事达到了一个丑闻高潮。受几十名受害者挺身而出指证，他终于被自己的电影制作公司开除。

Weinstein's downfall empowered many more entertainment industry employees - both male and female - to come forward with their own sexual abuse stories, some of them decades old. The fallout is challenging Hollywood to face its culture of silence in the face of abuse and enact meaningful change.

在温斯坦倒台的影响下，更多的娱乐业雇员（包括男性和女性）揭露了自己的性虐待故事，其中一些故事已有数十年的历史，使好莱坞面对性虐无法再沉默，并做出有意义的改变。

The Blockbusters 好莱坞大片

By the mid-1970s and 1980s, computer-assisted special effects had evolved and helped launch massive blockbuster action movies such as Jaws, Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises. Changing technology continues to move people to a more digital world and Hollywood has more exposure than ever. Yet in an era of economic inequality, many Americans today are much less enthralled with Hollywood movie stars and their glamorous lifestyle. Social media, tabloids, a 24-hour news cycle and online movie review websites can make or break movies, movie stars and movie industry professionals overnight.

到了20世纪70年代中期和80年代，计算机辅助特效已经发展起来，并帮助推出了诸如《大白鲨》、《星球大战》和《印第安纳琼斯》等大型动作片。技术的发展把人们带入一个更加数字化的世界，好莱坞比以往任何时候都拥有更多的曝光机会。然而，在经济不平等的时代，当今的许多美国人对好莱坞电影明星及他们的生活方式不再向往。社交媒体，小报，24小时网上新闻和在线电影评论网站可以在一夜之间让一个电影，明星或电影行业专业人士得到人们的认可或毁掉他人。

As a result, Hollywood will no doubt remain on the cutting edge of technology and continue to evolve how they do business to stay relevant by engaging and entertaining audiences worldwide. This is Hollywood~

因此，毫无疑问，好莱坞将继续走在科技的前沿，并通过吸引和娱乐全世界的观众，不断发展自己的商业运作方式，以保证其影响力。这就是好莱坞～

End

The Rise of Hollywood 好莱坞的崛起

发送到看一看