UK series 英国系列 17 | Top British Scientists 英国顶尖科学家
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The UK has blessed the world with many scientists, whether you are talking about theories of evolution or motion, you might be referring to a scientist from the UK.
说到科学不得不提到英国人，尤其是英国科学家，无论你是在谈论进化论还是运动论，你都大部分会指一位来自英国的科学家。
Through the hard work, these scientists have accomplished much and inspired a lot more to embrace science as their career. For instance, Isaac Newton is known for revolutionizing the field of science through his “Newton’s Laws of Motion”.
说到科学不得不提到英国人，尤其是英国科学家，无论你是在谈论进化论还是运动论，你都大部分会指一位来自英国的科学家。通过他们的努力，这些科学家已经取得了许多成就并激励了更多的人接受科学作为他们的职业。比如牛顿以其“牛顿运动定律”和其他理论而闻名于世。
Robert Boyle 罗伯特博伊尔（1627-1691）
Robert Boyle was one of the founders of modern chemistry. He was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist and inventor. His book ‘The Sceptical Chymist’ is considered as a key book in chemistry and he is known for contributing immensely in the field of science with his ‘Boyle’s Law’.
罗伯特·博伊尔是现代化学的奠基人之一。他是一位天生的哲学家、化学家、物理学家和发明家。他的著作《The Sceptical Chymist》被认为是化学领域的一本关键著作，他以其《博伊尔定律》在科学领域做出了巨大贡献而闻名。
Robert Hooke 罗伯特·胡克（1635-1703）
Robert Hooke FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society) was an English scientist, architect and polymath. He is credited for the major contributions he made to science by way of his experimental and theoretical work in the 17th century and in re-building London after the Great Fire in 1666.
罗伯特·胡克·弗斯（英国皇家学会会员）是英国科学家、建筑师和博学家。他在17世纪的实验和理论工作以及1666年大火后重建伦敦的工作中，为科学做出了重大贡献。
His experiments and studies covered a vast range of subjects like physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology, geology, architecture and naval technology. He discovered the law of elasticity, which is now famously known as Hooke’s law. He built a compound microscope and used it to observe the smallest, previously hidden details of the natural world.
他的实验和研究涉及物理学、天文学、化学、生物学、地质学、建筑学和海军技术等多个学科。他发现了弹性定律，现在被称为胡克定律。他建立了一个复合显微镜，并用它来观察最小的，以前隐藏的自然世界的细节。
He also concluded that fossils had once been living creatures and stated that gravity applied to all celestial bodies. But for all contributions made to science and humanity, he never received the recognition he truly deserved.
他还总结说，化石曾经是有生命的生物，并说重力适用于所有天体。但是，尽管他为科学和人类做出了贡献，但他从未得到他真正应得的认可。
Sir Isaac Newton 牛顿爵士 (1642- 1726)
Newton studied at the “The King’s School” in Grantham where he received his preliminary education. He then enrolled at the “Trinity College,” Cambridge in 1961, this is where he developed an interest in physics, mathematics, optics, and astronomy.
牛顿在格兰瑟姆的“国王学校”学习，在那里接受了初步教育。1961年，他进入剑桥“三位一体学院”学习，对物理学、数学、光学和天文学产生了兴趣。
The college was shut down for two years in 1665 due to a plague epidemic. It was during these two years that Newton developed and discovered many theories. Newton is credited for revolutionizing calculus, optics, and law of gravitation, he discovered the generalized binomial theorem, and began to develop a mathematical theory that became calculus.
1665年，由于瘟疫的流行，这所学院被关闭了两年。正是在这两年里，牛顿发展并发现了许多理论。牛顿被认为是微积分、光学和万有引力定律的革命家，他发现了广义二项式定理，并开始发展一个后来成为微积分的数学理论的科目。
Humphry Davy 汉弗莱·戴维（1778-1829）
Sir Humphry Davy was a British chemist who made major contributions to the discoveries of chlorine and iodine. He discovered several alkali and alkaline earth metals, and isolated and named them. He was also an inventor who invented the Davy lamp, which allowed miners to work safely in close contact with flammable gases.
汉弗莱·戴维爵士是英国化学家，他对氯和碘的发现作出了重大贡献。他发现了几种碱金属和碱土金属，并对它们进行了分离和命名。他也是发明达维灯的发明家，达维灯让矿工在与易燃气体密切接触的情况下安全工作。
Michael Faraday 迈克尔·法拉第（1791-1867）
Faraday was one of the most celebrated scientists of the 19th century. He is famous for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions include electric motor and Bunsen burner.
法拉第是19世纪最著名的科学家之一。他以发现电磁感应和电解定律而闻名。他的发明包括电动机和本生灯。
Charles Babbage 查尔斯·巴贝奇（1791-1871）
Charles Babbage also is known as the father of computers, is the first man to build a computing machine. He assisted with founding the Astronomical Society and came to be interested in creating a calculating machine. He built a small machine that could compute squares.
查尔斯·巴贝奇也被称为计算机之父，是第一个制造计算机的人。他协助创立了天文学会，并开始对发明一台计算机感兴趣。他造了一台能计算正方形的小机器。
He later designed a more complicated machine called the Analytical Engine, which was programmed using punched cards. He designed an open submarine in which four people could survive for a couple of days.
他后来设计了一种更复杂的机器，叫做分析引擎。该机器是用穿孔卡片编程的。他设计了一艘开放式潜艇，四个人可以在其中存活几天。
Charles Darwin 查尔斯达尔文(1809–1882)
When Charles Darwin first introduced his theory of evolution he was met with disbelief, skepticism, and rebuke. The idea that all species descended from common ancestors and the branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process of natural selection was highly controversial at the time. He went on to collect evidence for over 20 years and published the findings in “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859).”
当查尔斯达尔文第一次介绍他的进化论时，他遭到了怀疑和指责。所有物种都有共同祖先的后代，进化的分支模式是自然选择过程的结果，这种观点在当时引起了很大的争议。他接着收集了20多年的证据，并在《自然选择的物种起源》（1859）一书中发表了这一发现。
Ada Lovelace 艾达·洛夫莱斯 (1815– 1852)
The daughter of famed poet Lord Byron, Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace — better known as "Ada Lovelace" — showed her gift for mathematics at an early age. Her mother encouraged her to pursue science and mathematics, fearing that poetry will spoil her morals as it did for her father, Lord Byron. She translated an article on an invention by Charles Babbage (the father of computers), and added her own comments.
著名诗人拜伦勋爵的女儿，奥古斯塔·艾达·拜伦，洛夫莱丝伯爵夫人，也就是人们熟知的“艾达·洛夫莱丝”，在很小的时候就展示了她对数学的天赋。她母亲鼓励她追求科学和数学，担心诗歌会像对待父亲拜伦勋爵那样破坏她的道德。她翻译了一篇关于查尔斯巴贝奇（计算机之父）发明的文章，并加上了自己的评论。
Because she introduced many computer concepts, Lovelace is considered the first computer programmer. Ada's contributions to the field of computer science were not discovered until the 1950s. Her notes were reintroduced to the world by B.V. Bowden, who republished them in Faster Than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines in 1953.
因为她引入了许多计算机概念，洛夫莱斯被认为是第一个计算机程序员。艾达在计算机科学领域的贡献直到20世纪50年代才被发现，她的笔记由B.V.鲍登重新介绍给世界，鲍登以超乎想象的速度重新发表了这些笔记：1953年的一次数字计算机研讨会。
Since then, Ada has received many posthumous honors for her work. In 1980, the U.S. Department of Defense named a newly developed computer language "Ada," after Lovelace.
从那以后，艾达因她的工作而获得了许多遗赠荣誉。1980年，美国国防部以洛夫莱斯命名了一种新开发的计算机语言“Ada”。
Tim Berners-Lee (Born in 1955) 蒂姆·伯纳斯·李（出生于 1955）
Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist who invented the World Wide Web. He is a qualified software engineer and was working at CERN when he came up with the idea of a global network system, he is also credited for creating the world’s first web browser and editor. He founded the World Wide Web Foundation and directs the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
蒂姆·伯纳斯·李是英国计算机科学家，他发明了万维网。他是一名合格的软件工程师，在欧洲核子研究所工作时，他提出了一个全球网络系统的想法，他还创造了世界上第一个网络浏览器和编辑器。他创立了万维网基金会并领导万维网联盟（W3C）。
Alan Turing 艾伦·图灵（1912-1954）
Alan Turing was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalization of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer.
艾伦·图灵是英国数学家、计算机科学家、逻辑学家、密码分析员、哲学家和理论生物学家。图灵在理论计算机科学的发展中有着重要的影响，它为算法和计算的概念提供了图灵机器的形式化，图灵机器可以看作是通用计算机的模型。
Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. Despite these accomplishments, he was not fully recognized in his home country during his lifetime, due to his homosexuality, and because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act. His homosexuality caused him to be convicted, but the British government apologized posthumously for convicting him.
图灵被广泛认为是理论计算机科学和人工智能之父。尽管取得了这些成就，但由于他的同性恋行为，以及他的大部分工作都被《官方机密法》所覆盖，他生前在祖国并没有得到充分的承认。他的同性恋行为使他被定罪，但英国政府在他被定罪后道歉。
Stephen Hawking 史蒂芬·霍金（1942-2018）
Stephen William Hawking was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author, and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge. His key exploration was in the areas of theoretical cosmology, focusing on the evolution of the universe as governed by the laws of general relativity. He is known for his work related to the study of black holes.
斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金是英国理论物理学家、宇宙学家、作家，剑桥大学理论宇宙学中心研究主任。他的主要探索是在理论宇宙学领域，专注于由广义相对论规律支配的宇宙演化。他以研究黑洞而闻名。
With the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, a theory called ‘Hawking radiation,' he became the first to set forth a cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Hawking suffered from a rare and life-threatening condition of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a condition he suffered all of his adult life. The illness started when he was 21 and pursuing his Ph.D. from Cambridge University.
随着黑洞发射辐射的理论预言，一种叫做“霍金辐射”的理论，他成为第一个提出宇宙学的人，这种宇宙学由广义相对论和量子力学的结合来解释。霍金患有一种罕见的危及生命的肌萎缩侧索硬化症，他成年后一直患有这种病。这种疾病始于他21岁，在剑桥大学攻读博士学位。
For a major part of his later life, he was almost completely paralyzed and communicated through a speech-generating device. Not succumbing to the despair of the disease, Hawking devoted all his life to his work and research. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge for around three decades and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.
在他晚年的大部分时间里，他几乎完全瘫痪，并通过一个语音生成设备进行交流。霍金没有屈服于对疾病的绝望，他把毕生精力都投入到工作和研究中。他是剑桥大学卢卡斯数学教授约三十年，皇家艺术学会名誉研究员。
For his contribution to the study of the universe and his pioneering work in cosmology, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
由于他对宇宙研究的贡献和在宇宙学方面的开创性工作，他被任命为大英帝国司令部司令。
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