UK Series 英国系列 20 | British Women who Changed History 改变历史的英国女神
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Today is mother's day and as a tribute to our mothers, on this series of The UK posts, we honor 10 British women who changed the history of the country.
今天是母亲节，为了向我们的母亲致敬，在这一系列关于英国的帖子中，我们回忆一下这10位改变了英国历史的英国女神。
From a journalist going undercover in WWI, to Ada Lovelace who is widely believed to have laid the foundations for computers and computer programming as we know it, here they are!
从世界第一大战做卧底的女记者到被广泛认为是我们所知的计算机和计算机编程打下基础的艾达·洛夫莱斯，这一遍文章会讨论这些女神们！
Florence Nightingale 佛罗伦萨·南丁格尔
Image Credit: Getty
Why? 原因
She is a pioneer of modern nursing (May 12, 1820 – August 13, 1910)
她是现代护理学的先驱（1820年5月12日至1910年8月13日）
Florence Nightingale rose to prominence during the Crimean War where she led a team of nurses and ultimately became an icon of Victorian culture and gave nursing a favourable reputation.
弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔在克里米亚战争中崭露头角，她领导了一支护士队，最终成为维多利亚文化的象征，并给护理学带来了良好的声誉。
After the war, she established the first secular nursing school in the world at St Thomas’ Hospital in London and now new nurses need to take the Nightingale Pledge in her honour.
战后，她在伦敦的圣托马斯医院建立了世界上第一所世俗护理学校，现在在英国，想要成为一名护士需要接受南丁格尔的誓言来纪念她。
The Florence Nightingale Medal is the highest international distinction a nurse can receive. International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday (May 12) each year and while alive she helped to improve healthcare across the UK, advocate for better hunger relief in India, helped abolish harsh prostitution laws for women and helped to expand the acceptable forms of female participation in the workplace.
佛罗伦萨南丁格尔奖章是护士能获得的最高国际荣誉。每年在她的生日（5月12日）是国际护士节，她在世时帮助改善了英国各地的医疗保健，倡导印度更好地缓解饥饿，帮助废除了对妇女严厉的卖淫法，并帮助了女性能参加工作的方位。
Agatha Christie 阿加莎·克里斯蒂
Image Credit: Getty
Why? 原因
Author (September 15, 1890 – January 12, 1976)
作者（1890年9月15日至1976年1月12日）
During her lifetime, Agatha Christie wrote 66 detective novels and 14 short stories. While Christie initially received six rejections for her work, when she introduced the character Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple her success grew.
Having sold over two billion novels, she is the best-selling novelist of all time.
在她的一生中，阿加莎克里斯蒂写了66部侦探小说和14部短篇小说。虽然克里斯蒂最初的作品遭到了六次拒绝，但当她介绍赫拉克丽·波洛和马普尔小姐这个角色时，她的成功与日俱增。她小说销量超过20亿部，是有史以来最畅销的小说家。
Helen Sharman 海伦·沙曼
Image Credit: Getty
Why? 原因
Astronaut and chemist (May 30, 1963 – present)
宇航员和化学家（1963年5月30日至今）
In 1991, Helen Sharman became the first British Astronaut. Having received a BSc in Chemistry at University and then a PhD she worked as a chemist until one day she responded to a radio advertisement asking for volunteers to be the first British Astronaut.
1991年，海伦·沙曼成为第一位英国宇航员。她在大学里获得了化学理学学士学位，后来又获得了博士学位，一直从事化学家的工作，直到有一天，她接到一则广播广告，广告的内容是在找能成为历史上第一位英国宇航员的志愿者。
Out of 13,000 applicants, Sharman was selected and was just 27 years old when she went into space to visit Mir space station – making her the sixth youngest out of the 556 people who have visited space.
在13000名申请者中，沙曼被选中，她27岁时成功登上和平号空间站，这使她成为556名访问过太空的人中年龄最小的第六位。
Dorothy Lawrence 多萝西·劳伦斯
Image Credit: AllThatsInteresting
Why? 原因
Journalist (October 4, 1896 – October 4, 1964)
记者（1896年10月4日-1964年10月4日）
Dorothy Lawrence was a journalist who secretly posed as a man to become a soldier during World War I – making her the only known English woman on the frontline during the First World War.
多萝西·劳伦斯是一名记者，在第一次世界大战期间，她冒充一名男子当兵，这使她成为第一次世界大战期间唯一一位在前线的英国女性。
Having tried to become a war correspondent, Lawrence decided the only way she was going to write the story she wanted was to get in the inside.
在试图成为一名战地记者后，劳伦斯决定，她要写自己想写的故事，唯一的办法就是深入内部。
On her way she met Tom Dunn, a Lancashire coalminer turned BEF tunnel-digging sapper who feared what might happen to a lone woman among men so he found her an abandoned cottage where she returned to each night while she was on the frontline. She later handed herself in and was taken back the UK for interrogation.
在路上，她遇到了汤姆·邓恩，一个兰开夏郡的煤矿工人，后来成了挖掘隧道的工兵，他本来害怕一个女人在男人群众中会发生不好的事情，于是他帮她找了一间废弃的小屋，每天晚上她在前线时都会回到那里。她后来自首，而被带回英国接受审讯。
Ada Lovelace 艾达·洛夫蕾丝
Image Credit: Getty
Why? 原因
Mathematician (December 10, 1815 - November 27, 1852)
数学家（1815年12月10日-1852年11月27日）
The daughter of Annabella Milbanke and famed poet Lord Byron, Ada Lovelace was raised on a strict educational diet of science and mathematics.
作为安娜贝拉·米尔班克和著名诗人拜伦勋爵的女儿，艾达·洛夫蕾丝在严格的科学和数学教育中长大。
She developed a love for machines at a young age and in her teenage years she began her working relationship with Charles Babbage, also known as ‘the father of computers’.
她在很小的时候就对机器产生了热爱，在她十几岁的时候，她就开始了与查尔斯·巴贝奇（Charles Babbage）的工作关系，查尔斯·巴贝奇也被称为“计算机之父”。
Together they worked on the Analytical Engine and Lovelace translated an article on it which many consider to be the first instance of computer programming.
他们一起研究分析引擎，洛夫莱斯翻译了一篇关于查尔斯·巴贝奇的文章，许多人认为这是计算机编程的第一个实例。
Lovelace was also the first person on record to acknowledge the capability of what computers could do, knowing they could go further than just crunching number. She died of uterine cancer in 1852, aged just 36.
洛夫蕾丝也是有记录以来第一个承认计算机的能力的人，她是第一个认为计算机可以做的不仅仅是计算数字。在1852年，她死于子宫癌，年仅36岁。
Princess Diana 戴安娜王妃
Image Credit: Getty
Why? 原因
Activist (July 1, 1961 – August 31, 1997)
维权人士（1961年7月1日至1997年8月31日）
Princess Diana was known as the People’s Princess for good reason – she used her platform for good. Before her death, Diana was deeply involved in the International Campaign to ban Landmines along with dozens of other charities. Diana was a pioneer for women with profiles making a change in the world.
戴安娜王妃被称为人民的王妃是有充分理由的——她利用自己的平台帮助更多的人。戴安娜生前与其他几十家慈善机构一起深入参与了国际禁止地雷运动。戴安娜是女性形象的先驱，因而她改变了世界。
Charlotte Cooper 夏洛特·库珀
Image Credit: Getty
Why? 原因
Olympian (September 22, 1870 – October 10, 1966)
奥运会选手（1870年9月22日-1966年10月10日）
Charlotte Cooper was the first-ever female Olympian, winning the gold in tennis in 1900. Before this she had won five Wimbledon titles.
夏洛特·库珀是有史以来第一位女奥运选手，在1900年赢得网球金牌。在此之前，她赢得了五次温布尔登冠军。
Marie Stopes 玛丽·斯托普斯
Image Credit: Getty
Why? 原因
Women’s rights campaigner (October 15, 1880 – October 2, 1958)
妇女权利运动者（1880年10月15日至1958年10月2日）
Not only did Marie Stopes make significant contributions to plant palaeontology and coal classification, she was also the first woman on the faculty of the University of Manchester and founded the first birth control clinic in the UK.
玛丽·斯托普斯不仅对植物古生物学和煤炭分类做出了重大贡献，她还是曼彻斯特大学教员中的第一位女性，并创建了英国第一家节育诊所。
The clinic, based in north London, was run by midwives and doctors and offered mothers birth control advice and taught them birth control methods. After her death, the Marie Stopes International was established to help continue the running of the clinic and the number of others Stopes had opened during her lifetime across the UK.
这家诊所位于伦敦北部，由助产士和医生管理，为母亲提供节育建议，并教她们节育方法。她死后，玛丽·斯托普斯国际医院成立了，以帮助继续经营诊所，在她有生之年在英国各地开设了许多其他的斯托普斯医院。
Margaret Thatcher 撒切尔夫人
Image Credit: Getty
Why? 原因
First female British Prime Minister (October 13, 1925 – April 8, 2013)
英国第一位女首相（1925年10月13日至2013年4月8日）
Margaret Thatcher was the first female British Prime Minister and she came to power in May ’79 – 61 years after women in the UK got the vote.
撒切尔夫人是英国第一位女首相，她于1979年5月上台执政，这是在英国女性获得选举权61年之后。
Her 11 years in office meant she was the longest-serving British Prime Minister of the 20th Century.
她在位11年，意味着她是20世纪任职时间最长的英国首相。
Queen Elizabeth II 伊丽莎白二世女王
Image Credit: Getty
Why? 原因
Longest-reigning British Monarch (April 21, 1926 – present)
在位时间最长的英国君主（1926年4月21日至今）
When Queen Elizabeth was born she never expected to be a Queen. It was only when her uncle abdicated the throne and her father became King George VI, that Elizabeth became heir to the throne.
伊丽莎白女王出生时，她从未想过她会成为女王。但是当她的叔叔放弃王位，她的父亲成为了国王乔治六世，伊丽莎白成为王位继承人。
After her father’s untimely death in 1952, Elizabeth became Queen aged just 25 and she has since become Britain’s longest-serving Monarch.
在她父亲于1952年早逝后，伊丽莎白成为了年仅25岁的女王，从此成为英国在位时间最长的君主。
References: Standard.co.uk, history.com, theatlas.com, wikipedia, history of the uk
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