通胀灰犀牛:驱动全球通胀上行的四个中长期力量(2.5万字全文)
一、特征事实:通胀大缓和
二、转变一:从全球化到去全球化
三、转变二:从婴儿潮到老龄化
四、转变三:货币政策框架的转变
说明:“泰勒规则”用四季度核心个人消费支出(core PCE)通胀与专业预测人员调查(SPF)10年期通胀预期之间的差距作为物价稳定缺口。“新泰勒规则”将核心通胀替换为截尾平均通胀。
五、最低工资与通胀
美国最低工资立法简史
一个隐忧:增加失业,压抑需求?
劳动成本的提高还能倒逼企业增加物质资本投资(Bivens,2017).资本深化是后危机时期拖累美国经济增长的主要贡献因素(还包括TFP增速放缓[27])。投资的直接目的可能是节约劳动,但同时也能提高劳动生产率。经验上看,近几十年来,美国企业物质资本增速持续下降与工资增长停滞是并存的。因为,企业投资需求来自于消费需求,而消费需求与工资收入直接相关。所以,提高最低工资并不必然导致就业岗位的下降和GDP的下滑,更可能的情形只是再分配,而这种更平均的分配格局反而有助于提升总需求(或产出)。
两重利好:缓解不平等和财政压力
三元悖论:公平、通胀与资产价格重估
六、货币主义的失灵与幽灵
货币主义的失灵
货币主义的幽灵
邵宇为东方证券首席经济学家、总裁助理,陈达飞为东方证券宏观研究员、财富研究中心执行主管;
参考文献和脚注
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注释:
[①]转引自黑泽尔,2017,p.200.
[②]盈亏平衡通胀率(breakeven inflation rate)数据来自美联储圣路易斯分(www.stlouisfed.org),等于同等期限的名义债券收益率减去通胀保值债券(TIPS)收益率。盈亏平衡通胀率并非衡量通胀预期的完美指标,因为它还包含了其它内容,一个完整的公式是:盈亏平衡通胀率=预期通货膨胀+通胀风险溢价-TIPS流动性溢价。由于TIPS缺乏流动性,往往成为影响盈亏平衡通胀率的最主要因素。
[③]通胀率与货币供应增速一致。
[④]实际利率相对稳定的情况下,名义利率与预期通胀率涨跌幅相等。
[⑤]数据引用自Miles et al., 2017.
[⑥]在劳动力市场“紧”的时候(实际失业率低于自然失业率),通胀率会超过预期值。在劳动市场“松”的时候,通货膨胀会低于预期值。
[⑦]在美国,通胀预期有四类预测:专业——费城FED PSF;家庭——密歇根大学;企业——亚特兰大FEDBIE;市场——TIPS 5y。亚特兰大联储主席RaphaelBostic(2019)认为,专业预测者和企业对未来总体通胀和核心通胀的预测往往比家庭调查预期或基于市场的指标更准确。
[⑧]包含中间品。
[⑨]数据引用自Goodhart et al.,2020.
[⑩] McKinsey Global Institute,2019.GLOBALIZATION IN TRANSITION: THE FUTURE OF TRADE AND VALUE CHAINS.
[11]年轻人口比例增加1%,通胀率会增加0.75%。
[12]抚养比率=( 0-14岁人数+65岁以上人数)/15-64岁人数
[13]一个较少被关注的是,布雷顿森林体系的瓦解不仅开启了廉价货币时代,也开启了廉价资本时代,正是因为融资成本变得越来越便宜了,资本替代劳动也更具经济价值。
[14]失业率缺口=失业率-自然失业率
[15]该比喻来自于Goodhart et al.,2020.
[16]相对于消费者预测而言。
[17]MarkoKolanovic,2021. Market and Volatility Commentary:CommoditySupercycle and Related Equity Flows. J.P.Morgan.
[18]当前,美国联邦最低工资有四类:一般意义上的联邦最低工资、带小费收入的最低工资、青年最低工资和残障人士的次级最低工资。《最低工资法案2021》计划在2026年实现归并管理。
[19]数据引用自EPI Data Library.
[20]参考美国经济政策研究所(EPI):https://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-tracker/#/min_wage)
[21]数据引用自EFG,TheFederal Minimum Wage in the US. https://www.efgam.com/Investment-Insights/Infocus-Federal-Minimum-Wage.html
[22]如不特别说明,最低工资均以小时为单位。
[23] Council of Economic Advisers Issue Brief,2016.LaborMarket Monopsony:Trends, Consequences, and PolicyResponse,whitehouse.gov,Obama,whitehouse.archives.gov.
[24]可参考Krugman,2018.Monopsony, Rigidity, and the Wage Puzzle (Wonkish),NYT.
[25] Keynes,1945,p.5.
[26]可参考美国劳动部私人非农企业生产和非管理人员平均时薪同比。
[27] Fernald,2016.
[28]数据来自世界不平等数据库(WID),可参考Piketty,2020.
[29] 2016年的贫困线为每小时11.7美元,
[30]将最低工资从7.25美元提高至15美元,食品杂货价格将上涨3.8%。
[31]私人非农企业生产和非管理人员平均小时工资。
[32]有观点认为,美联储2%通胀目标过低(Bivens,2017)
[33]留待最后一章做更详细的分析。