如何正确使用since,这篇文章说的很细致!
华乐丝Wallace
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提问:
Since有时间和原因的双重意思,如何正确使用since,才能避免混淆?
Since可用来表原因或时间,而这两个意思在使用上经常被混淆,请见以下例句:
A1 : Since it was Saturday, I stayed in bed longer.
A2 : Since she arrived, everything has been different.
例句 A1 中的 since 表原因,而A2 中的 since 则表示自动作或状态发生的那一刻起。
请记住以下四个要点:
1. Since的意思:不管是作为连接词或介词,since的意思取决于句子结构和时态。
2. Since作为连接词:当since引导的从句中的谓语动词为过去时态,since通常表示时间。
3. Since作为连接词:当since引导的从句中的谓语动词为现在时态,since通常表示原因。
4. Since和for作为介词的区别:在引导时间从句时,since从句表示事件发生于某一时刻;而for从句表示事件于某一段时间内。与这两种从句连接的主句中的谓语动词通常为完成时态。
Ø Since:表示时间
Since 通常作为连接词(引导从句)或介词(后接某一时间点的词组),偶尔也被用作副词。
1. 如果since从句表示时间,则从句中的谓语动词必须是过去时态。例如:
B1: We haven’t drunk anything since we got here.
B2: We haven’t drunk anything since we’ve been here.
B3: I have been feeling sick (ever) since I ate that cake.
2. 在一个带有 since从句( since you arrived)或since介词词组( since Tuesday)的句子中,若主句的谓语为某一持续性动作,则该谓语动词必须为现在完成时态。
C1: See examples B1 – B3.
C2: I have been there since seven o’clock.
C3: Since winning the award, he has been really happy.
3. 如果整句表达的是从过去某时刻启到之后某个时刻止的连续行为,则主句需用过去完成时态。此时,since从句的动词通常为一般过去时态。
D1: We hadn’t drunk anything since we arrived.
D2: I had been feeling sick ever since I ate that cake.
D3: I hadn’t drunk anything since seven o’clock.
4. 以下情况中的since均表示时间:(1) since为介词(例句 C2、D3)、(2) since 后面接现在分词(例句 C3)。
5. Since 还是 for ?
Since 用作介词时,其后只能接以下形式的某一确定时刻:副词(如:yesterday)、副词词组(如:the start of term)或动作动词(如:I ate …)。
E1: I’ve been here since last week.
Since 用作介词时,切勿与一段期间搭配。例如,since three hours是不正确的表达方法,而for用在此处是恰当的,
E2: I’ve been here for three hours.
当 since 作为从句连接词时,可与某一段期间或某一确定时刻搭配。如果表示一段期间,since从句的谓语动词通常是现在过去时态(例句E3a、E4a);如果表示某一时刻,since从句的谓语动词只能是一般过去时态(例句E3b、E4b)。
E3a : I’ve felt much better since the window has been open.
E4a : He has lost weight since he has been running every day.
E3b : I’ve felt much better since I opened the window.
E4b : He’s lost weight since he stopped eating chocolate bars.
Ø Since:表示原因
1. 若since从句的谓语动词为一般现在时态,则since必表示原因,而非时间。
F1: Since it is raining, we are staying indoors.
F2: We will stay indoors since it is raining.
F3: Since he lives in Peru, he doesn’t often visit us.
2. 若主句及since从句中的谓语动词均为一般过去时态,则since通常表原因,而非时间。
G1 : I ate all the chocolates since you left them behind.
G2 : Since he was poor, he never took taxis.
如前面提到的,若since表时间时,主句谓语动词通常为现在过去时态。
G3 : I’ve eaten all the chocolates since I got home.
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