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人教版|高中英语必修1Unit4解析(二)

2018-01-19 外语教学必备的 外语教师联盟


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教学背景

本单元话题——地震(Earthquake)。地震又称地动、地振动,是地壳快速释放能量过程中造成振动,期间会产生地震波的一种自然现象。地球上板块与板块之间相互挤压碰撞,造成板块边沿及板块内部产生错动和破裂,是引起地震的主要原因。据统计,地球上每年约发生500多万次地震,即每天要发生上万次的地震。其中绝大多数都太小或太远,以至于人们感觉不到;真正能对人类造成严重危害的地震大约有十几二十次;能造成特别严重灾害的地震大约有一两次。人们感觉不到的地震,必须用地震仪才能记录下来;不同类型的地震仪能记录不同强度、不同远近的地震。世界上运转着数以千计的各种地震仪器日夜监测着地震的动向。


疑难追踪


1.Imgine your home begins to shake and you must leave it right away. (P25)

难句解读

假设你的房子开始摇动,你必须马上离开。


imagine

引导一个句子。imagine(假设)后可接以下形式:n./doing;sb./sb's doing;sb./sth. as ( to be)… ;that/ if/who…。

例如:

Just imagine living in a desert without water for a week.

试想不喝水在沙漠里生活一个星期。


I can't imagine him to be a friend of such a strange person.

我很难想像他会跟这样一个怪人交朋友。


Imagine (that) you have a million pound note, what will you do with it?

想像你有一张百万英镑的钞票,你会怎样处理它?

right away意为“立刻,马上”。

例如:

He asked us to go there right away.

他要求我们马上去那儿。


Hearing the news, they left right away.听到那个消息,他们马上就走了。

难点深究

表示“立刻,马上”的相关词语还有:

right off,at once, immediately, in no time, right now,in a little/short while,in a minute/moment/second,after a while,(pretty) soon,promptly,straightway,without delay等。


2.For three days the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell. (P26)

难句解读

三天来,村子里的井水升升降降,起起伏伏。


rise(rose, risen)

为不及物动词,意为“上升;起立;起床;竖起;增加”。后面可加up构成短语,表示“坐起,站起;起义”。

例如:

The sun has not yet risen.

太阳还没升起。


The population of the city has risen to five million.

该市人口已增加到五百万。


An immense building rose before their eyes.

他们眼前耸立起一座巨大的建筑物。


He rose and left the room.

他站起身走出屋。


Now I am used to rising early.

我现在习惯早起。

难点深究

注意rise,raise,arise的区别: 

rise是不及物动词,后面不用跟宾语;raise意为“提起,使升高;扬起;提高,增加;筹款;提出;养育”,是及物动词,后面一定要有宾语。

例如:

raise one's hand 举手; 

raise crops 种庄稼; 

raise a building 造起一座房子; 

raise a cloud of dust 扬起一片尘土; 

raise one's voice提高嗓音;

raise funds 筹集资金; 

raise a question 提出问题;

raise the flag升旗。


arise意为“出现,产生”,一般指不好的事情。比如,危险,不好的后果等,常用抽象名词作主语,且多用在借喻中,不能用被动。

例如:

Another difficulty has arisen.

又出现了一个困难。


Serious problems may arise from this sudden change of plans.

突变的计划可能会导致严重的问题。


3.In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. (P26)

难句解读

农家大院里的鸡,甚至猪都紧张得不想进食。


“too+形容词/副词(for sb.) to do sth.”表示“太……以至于不能做某事”, 通常可用not…enough to…和so…that句式改写。

例如:

The child is too young to go to school.

这孩子太小了而不能去上学。

→The child is not old enough to go to school.

→The child is so young that he (she) can't go to school.


He was too excited to say a single word.

他激动得说不出一句话。


He spoke too fast for us to follow him.

他说得太快,我们听不懂。

难点深究

注意:too…to…在下列情况下表示肯定含义。

①与某些表示心情的词语和描述性的词连用。如:ready, glad, pleased, surprised, delighted, happy, easy, eager, thankful, anxious, willing, good, kind, true等。

例如:

I'm too glad to meet you here.

在这儿见到你真是太好了。


②在too前加上only, but, all, simply或just时。

例如:

They are all too satisfied to take the opinions of others.

他们都非常愿意接受别人的意见。


③和never,not, can't连用时,表示“并不太……,无论多……都不为过”。

例如:

One is never too old to learn.

活到老,学到老。


English is not too difficult to learn.

英语并不难学。


You can not be too careful to handle this case. 

处理这件事时,你无论如何细心都不为过。


4.Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide. (P26)

难句解读

老鼠从田地里跑出来找地方藏身。


looking for places to hide是V-ing形式作状语,表示伴随情况。

V-ing形式作状语可以修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随或补充说明等。

例如:

Turning around, she saw a car driving up.

她转过身,看见一辆车朝她开来。(表示时间)


Being ill, he could not walk any further.

因为身体不舒服,他不能再往前走了。(表示原因)


The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.

大火持续了近一个月,几乎没剩下什么值钱的东西。(表示结果)


Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes.

更细心点,你就会少犯错误。(表示条件)


Knowing all this, they still made me pay for the damage.

尽管知道了一切情况,他们还是要我赔偿损失。(表示让步)


He was walking along the street, looking this way and that.

他在街上走着,左顾右盼。(表示方式、伴随或补充说明)



5.In the sky, the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst. (P26)

难句解读

在市内,有些建筑物里的水管爆裂开来。


burst

作不及物动词或名词,意为“爆裂,爆发”,过去式和过去分词均为burst。

例如:

The bag was so full that it burst open.

袋子那么满,都爆裂了。


I felt as if my heart would burst with joy.

我觉得自己高兴地心花怒放。


I got a big shock by the burst of tyre.

我被轮胎的爆裂声吓了一跳。


There was a burst of laughter in the next room.

隔壁房间里突然爆发出一阵笑声。

难点深究

burst常与into或out搭配,表示“突然做某事”,但需注意,burst into后接名词。


例如:

burst into tears突然大哭;

burst into laughter突然大笑。


而burst out后接V-ing。


例如:

burst out crying突然大哭;

burst out laughing突然大笑。


其它短语或结构还有:

burst out迸发;突然发作;

burst into闯入;突然出现;

burst in闯入;

burst open推开;忽然打开;裂开;

burst into flames突然起火。


6.But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night. (P26)

难句解读

但是唐山市的一百万居民几乎都没有把这些情况当作一回事,那天晚上照常上床睡觉了。


event

意为“事,事件;比赛项目”。event表“事件”时常指重大事件。

例如:

The program reviews the most important events of 2008.

这一节目回顾了2008年最重大的事件。

难点深究

注意event, matter, thing, business, incident, accident的区别:

event通常指重大事件,也可表示“比赛项目”;matter意为“毛病,问题”;thing意为“事情,事务,东西”,指大事、小事、好事、坏事,但一般不用来指专门的事务;business一般指“公事,正事,商业事务”,强调任务、职务等;incident一般指不重要的小事,但也可表示历史、政治事件、事变或是一些引起纠纷的事件;accident表示“事故”。


例如:

The engineer came over to see what matter was with the machine.

工程师走过来检查机器出了什么故障。


To say is one thing but to do is another.

说是一回事,可做是另一回事。


There was a shooting incident near here last night.

昨晚这附近发生了一起枪击事件。


She has been to Beijing on business.

她去北京出差了。


He died in a car accident because of his carelessness.

他由于疏忽大意,在车祸中丧生了。


7.It seemed as if the world was at en end! (P26)

难句解读

仿佛到了世界末日!


as if相当于as though,常用在sound, look, seem, feel, appear等词后引导表语从句。如果从句表示的情况接近事实,从句用陈述语气,反之,如果从句表示的情况与事实相反,或者不可能发生,从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词使用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反,用过去完成时与过去事实相反。

例如:

We've missed the bus. It looks as if we'll have to walk.

我们误了公共汽车,看来我们只好步行了。(陈述的是事实)


It seems as if our team is going to win.

看来我们队要胜了。(确实要胜了)


It seems as if it is going to rain.

看来天要下雨了。(真的要下雨了)


It seems as if she had read this novel.

看来她好像看过这本小说。(其实没看过)


It appears as if he knew everything.

好像他什么都知道似的。(其实并不知道)


It sounds as if you had a good time.

听起来你好象过得很愉快。(事实上过得不愉快)

难点深究

as if或as though也可引导方式状语从句,意为“仿佛,好像”,跟引导表语从句一样根据实际情况使用恰当语气;如果as if或as though引导的从句是“主语+系动词”结构,可省略主语和系动词,只保留后面的名词、不定式、形容词(短语)、介词短语或分词。


例如:

He shook his head as if to say “don't trust her.”

他摇头好像是要说:“别信她”。


at an and意为“结束,终结”。


例如:

The war was finally at an end.

战争终于结束了。


The long hot summer was at an end at last.

漫长的酷暑终于过去了。


与end有关的短语还有:

in the end最后,终于;

at the end of在……末端/尽头;

by the end of到……末;

make ends meet量入为出;

from beginning to end从头到尾;

come to an end结束;

bring something to an end=put an end to something结束某事。


8.In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins. (P26)

难句解读

在可怕的15秒钟内,一座大城市就沉沦在一片废墟之中。


ruin

作名词意为“废墟;毁灭”,作及物动词意为“毁灭;使破产”。

例如:

We went to look at the ruins of the ancient city of Pompeii.

我们去看了庞贝古城的遗址。


Bad weather ruined our holiday.

糟糕的天气破坏了我们的假期。

和ruin有关的短语有:

in ruins严重受损,成为废墟;

bring…to ruin使毁灭;

come to ruin毁灭,落空;

fall into ruin(变得)破败不堪,败落;

go to ruin衰落,败落。

难点深究

destroy、damage、ruin和spoil都含有“破坏;毁坏”的意思,注意用法区别。

destroy指“彻底对物体或精神等摧毁以至不能或很难修复”。

例如:

All his hopes were destroyed.

他所有的希望都毁灭了。


An atom bomb would destroy a city.

一颗原子弹可以摧毁一座城市。


That town was destroyed in a big fire.

那个城镇在一场大火中被毁了。


amage指“价值、用途降低或外表损坏等,不一定全部破坏,损坏了还可以修复”,可与副词如badly,seriously,slightly,

easily等连用。

例如:

The earthquake damaged several buildings.

地震使一些建筑受到了破坏。


ruin指彻底的毁坏,有时泛指一般性的破坏,破坏的原因通常是自然现象、年龄、疏忽等,往往是非暴力的。在真正具体地摧毁或破坏某座建筑物时,通常不用 ruin。

例如:

The storm ruined the crops.暴风雨毁坏了庄稼。


He ruined his prospects by 

carelessness.

他因粗心大意断送了前途。


Smoking ruined his health.

吸烟毁了他的健康。


spoil意为“损坏;糟蹋;宠坏”。ruin和spoil这两个词有时还可用于美好经历或有用东西的损坏(此时不能用 damage 或 destroy)。

例如:

Parents should not spoil their children.父母不应当娇惯孩子。


Mankind is warned to stop spoiling the environment.

人类受到警告不能再污染环境。


My new dress is ruined /spoiled.

我的新连衣裙全完了。(如泼上墨水等)


This unpleasant man with his endless complaints ruined /spoiled my journey.

这个不讨人喜欢的家伙,牢骚满腹,使我这趟旅行很不愉快(很扫兴)。


9.Two thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake. (P26)

难句解读

在地震中有三分之二的人死亡或受伤。


injure

为及物动词,意为“损害;伤害”,名词形式是injury。

例如:

He injured his left leg when playing football.

他踢足球时伤了左腿。

难点深究

注意:hurt, wound, injure, harm的区别:

hurt是一般用语,既可指肉体上的伤害,也可指精神上的伤害,还可用作不及物动词,意为“疼痛、惹起痛苦”;wound指外伤,如枪伤、刀伤、剑伤,尤指在战争中,战斗中受伤;injure一般指由于意外或事故而受伤;harm可做动词和名词用,意为“伤害,危害”,指精神上或物质上的危害,短语有do sb. harm/ do harm to sb./ harm sb.意为“对某人有危害”。

例如:

What he said hurt me deeply.

他说的话使我非常伤心。


He got wounded in the fighting.

他在战斗中受了伤。


He was badly injured in the accident.

他在这次事故中受了重伤。


Smoking will harm your health.

吸烟有害健康。


10.All of the city's hospitals, 75% of its factories and buildings and 90% of its homes were gone.(P26)

难句解读

城市所有的医院、75%的工厂和建筑物、90%的家园都消失了。


were gone

是系表结构,不能看成被动语态。过去分词gone可以作表语,表示状态,意为“不在;走了;丢了;用完了”,或指“人死了”。

例如:

On the way home she looked down at her dress and saw that the necklace was gone.

在回家的路上,她低头朝衣服上一看,发现项链不见了。


He turned the corner and was gone.

他在拐角处转了弯就不见了。


I managed to find my purse, only to find all my money was gone.

我尽力找到了钱包,却发现钱都不见了。


11.People were shocked.(P26)

难句解读

人们震惊了。


shock

可作及物或不及物动词,意为“震惊,震动”,做名词用可表示“休克,打击,震惊”。 shock在短语或句型上常用于:

be shocked at/ by sth.或be shocked that…对……感到震惊;

be shocked to do sth.对做……感到震惊。

例如:

They were shocked by her rudeness.

他们对她的无礼感到震惊。


He is still in a state of shock.

他至今还惊魂未定。


We were shocked by/ at her sudden death.

我们对她的突然去世感到震惊。


I was shocked to see how my neighbours treated their children.

见到邻居如此对待他们的孩子我感到震惊。


12.some of the rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the ruins. (P26)

难句解读

一些救援人员和医生被困在废墟下面。


rescue

做名词表示“营救,救援”。也可做动词表示“救援,营救”,常构成短语:

rescue oneself 自救;

rescue…from…从……中救出……;

come/go to the/sb's rescue援救或帮助某人。

例如:

He came to my rescue.

他来救我了。


Some medical teams joined to go to the rescue of Yushu people.

几支医疗队加入,去营救玉树的人们。


He rescued a child from drowning.

他救了一名落水儿童。

trap做动词用表示“使陷入困境”,可构成短语:

trap sb. into…把某人诱入圈套;

be trapped in被困于……。做名词用可表示“陷阱,圈套,困境”。

例如:

She was trapped in the burning house.

她被困在燃烧着的房子里了。


Some miners were trapped 

underground after the collapse.

塌方后一些矿工被困在地底下。


He trapped me into admitting I had done it.

他诱骗我承认事情是我干的。


She led him into a trap.

她引诱他中了圈套。


13.All hope was not lost.(P26)

难句解读

不是所有的希望都破灭了。当not与all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及every+名词出现在同一个句子里,不管not在它们之前还是之后都表示部分否定。

例如:

All bamboo doesn't grow tall.=Not all the bamboo grows tall.

不是所有的竹子都长得高。


Both of them haven't read this story.= Not both of them have read this story.

并非他们两人都读过这个故事。

当表示完全否定意义时,英语中常用no,none,nobody,nothing,no one,neither等词与谓语的肯定形式连用来表达。

例如:

None of these things are mine.

这些东西都不是我的。


Nobody agrees with you.

没有人会同意你的观点。


Nothing is ready.

一切都没准备好。


14.Hundreds of thousands of people were helped.(P26)

难句解读

成千上万的人得到了援助。


hundreds of thousands of表示“许许多多;成千上万”等不确切数字。当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万时,基数词则以复数形式出现,如hundreds of,thousands of,millions of,tens/hundreds of thousands of等。

例如:

There are hundreds of people in the hall.

大厅里有数以百计的人。


Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day.

每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马俑博物馆。


15.The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. (P26)

难句解读

军队组成小分队,将那些受困的人挖出来,并埋葬死者。


句中who were trapped是定语从句,修饰those,to bury与to dig out构成并列不定式做目的状语。

难点深究

dig out意为“掘出;发现;找出”。其它相关短语还有:dig into深入钻研,开始大笑起来;dig for= look for寻找。

例如:

More than ten people were dug out of the ruins.

十多个埋在废墟里的人被挖出来了。


Why did you dig out these old books?

你为什么把这些旧书翻出来?


Yu Dan dug into Chinese history.

于丹深入研究了中国历史。


bury作及物动词,意为“埋葬,掩埋;隐藏”。bury构成的短语主要有:

be buried in…/bury oneself in…埋头于……,专心于……。

例如:

He was sitting with his head buried in a book.

他坐着埋头看书。


She buried herself in/ was buried in thought.

她陷入了沉思。


16.To the north of the city, most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from the coal mines there.(P26)

难句解读

在唐山市的北边,有一个万名矿工的煤矿,其中多数人得救了。


to the north of the city在唐山市的北边(即不属于唐山市)。

难点深究

表示方位的介词 in、on、to、off 用法归纳:

(1) in表示“在范围里的某个方向”。

例如:

Shanghai is in the east of China.

上海在中国的东部。


(2) on表示“接壤”。

例如:

Canada is on the north of the USA.

加拿大在美国北边。


(3) to表示“不在范围里,也不接壤”。

例如:

Japan lies to the east of China.

日本在中国东边。


(4) off 表示在“……范围里但不接壤(多指各国的岛屿);在离……不远处”。

例如:

Taiwan is off the east of China.

台湾在中国的东部。


My house is off the main road.

我家离大路不远。 


17.Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.(P26)

难句解读

援救人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。


whose

导定语从句修饰survivors。 shelter作名词意为“遮蔽(物);庇护(物)”;作动词意为“庇护;保护;躲避,避难”。常用搭配有:

an air-raid shelter 防空洞;

quake-proof shelter抗震棚;

a shelter from the sun 避免日晒处 ;

be a shelter from 成为躲避……的处所;

fly to sb. for shelter (=seek shelter at sb.'s house) 逃进某人家里避难;

give/afford shelter to 庇护;

seek/find/take shelter (from…) 避难, 躲避…… ;

get under shelter隐藏起来;

under the shelter of 在…的庇护下;shelter oneself behind 躲在背后;

to shelter under a tree躲在树下;

shelter sb/sth. (from sb/sth.)给……提供庇护处,保护……。

例如:

He stood in the bus shelter to shelter from the storm.

他站在公共汽车站的候车亭里避雨。


The Great Wall sheltered our country from foreign attacks.

长城保护我们的国家不受外敌攻击。


18.Congratulations! (P30)

难句解读

祝贺你!


congratulation

意为“庆贺,祝贺”。常用复数形式,并与介词on搭配,构成短语congratulations on sth. /doing…。当使用复数形式并单独成句时含义是“祝贺/恭贺你!”。

例如:

Congratulations on your winning the races!

恭喜你比赛获胜!


I offered my congratulations on his success.

我对他的成功表示了祝贺。

动词形式是congratulate,常构成短语congratulate sb. on sth. /dong…及congratulate oneself that…结构中。

例如:

We congratulated him on having passed the examination.

我们祝贺他通过了考试。


He congratulates himself on having chosen a good woman to be his wife.

他暗自庆幸自己挑选了一位贤惠的女子作妻子。


19.Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year. (P30)

难句解读

五人组成的评委听了你的演讲,他们都认为你的演讲是今年最好的。


句中all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year.是非限制性定语从句,从句中that it was the best one this year又是宾语从句,为及物动词agree后面的宾语。judge作动词意为“判决;判断;认为”; 作名词意为“裁判;法官”。

例如:

Who will judge the following case?

下个案子谁审理?


I can judge that she is the best one for the job .=I can judge her to be the best one for the job.

我认为她是做这工作最合适的人选。


He is a famous judge at the football match .

他是一名著名足球裁判。

难点深究

注意:表示“从……来判断”时,需使用judging from / by…,通常在句中作独立状语。


例如:

Judging from / by what he said, he must be wise.

从他所说的话来判断,他一定是一个智者。


20.I would like to express my thanks to…who… (P30)

难句解读

我想向……表达我的谢意。


express

作动词,意为“表达,表示”。常用短语有:

express oneself表达自己的意思;

express one's thanks to…向……表达谢意。

此外express做名词还可表示“快车”(可数名词);“速递”(不可数名词)。express的名词形式是expression,意为“表示;表达法;表情”。

例如:

She can express herself clearly in English.

她能用英语明白地表达自己的意思。


I caught the 10:00 express to Guangzhou.

我坐的是10点开往广州的快车。


He sent the parcel by express.

他用快递寄的包裹。

难点深究

注意express, convey, communicate, deliver的区别:这几个词都有“表达,传达”的意思,但是它们的侧重点各有不同。express意为“用语言、神色、动作等表示或表达”,注重的是表达出本人的感情、意见等;convey则注重将本人的想法与思想传达给他人;communicate注重的是人与人之间的交流,彼此之间各自都让对方知道自己的思想与想法:deliver意为“递送(信件,包裹,货物等);发言;讲(话)”,根据词义可以看出其后所接宾语为某个物件或者公开的言论,演讲等。


例如:

We should express /convey our thanks to the host before leaving.

离开之前我们得向主人道谢。


Please convey my best wishes to your parents.

请向你父母转达我最美好的祝愿。


E-mail is a good way of 

communicating with friends.

电子邮件是一种跟朋友交流的很好的方式。


The letter was delivered to me on time.

信件准时送达我这里。


The headmaster asked her to deliver a speech on how to make good use of time to all the students. 

校长让她给全体学生做一次关于如何有效利用时间的演讲。




参考书目(独家授权

张鑫友. 高中《英语》教材讲与练: 人教课标版. 一年级[M]. 湖北科学技术出版社


本文编辑:Joyce

编辑助理:Jane



-END-


高中英语

人教版 · 必修2

Unit1解析(一)

Unit1解析(二)

Unit1解析(三)

Unit1解析(四)

Unit1解析(五)

Unit2解析(一)

Unit2解析(二)

Unit2解析(三)

Unit2解析(四)

Unit3解析(一)

Unit3解析(二)

Unit4解析(一)

Unit4解析(二)

Unit5解析(一)

Unit5解析(二)


人教版 · 必修3

Unit1解析(一)

Unit1解析(二)

Unit2解析(一)

Unit2解析(二)

Unit3解析(一)

Unit3解析(二)

Unit4解析(一)

Unit4解析(二)

Unit5解析(一)

Unit5解析(二)


人教版 · 必修1

Unit1解析(一)

Unit1解析(二)

Unit2解析(一)

Unit2解析(二)

Unit3解析(一)

Unit3解析(二)

Unit4解析(一)


初中英语

人教版 · 七年级

Starter Unit1 解析

Starter Unit2 解析

Starter Unit3 解析

Unit1 解析

Unit2 解析

Unit3 解析

Unit4 解析

Unit5 解析

Unit6 解析

Unit7 解析

Unit8 解析

Unit9 解析



语法专题

定语从句

(一)并列成分公共后置定语

(二)中心词与其后置定语的分隔现象

(三)多重定语从句的种类和特点

(四)引导定语从句的 “ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 结构

(五)定语从句与分词短语的转换

(六)定语从句的非定语意义



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