百年党史悟初心 梦想红船再起航③ | 红船与中共一大诞生的故事
卷首语
Red Boat and the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China
1920年夏至1921年春,随着马克思主义在中国的广泛传播,中国工人运动的蓬勃兴起,作为两者结合产物的中国共产党早期组织,在上海、北京、武汉、长沙、济南、广州以及赴日、旅欧留学生中相继成立。
中国工人运动蓬勃发展
The Chinese labor movement flourished
From the summer of 1920 to the spring of 1921, with the widespread of Marxism in China, the Chinese labor movement flourished. As a result, progressives in Shanghai, Beijing, Wuhan, Changsha, Jinan, Guangzhou, along with those living and studying in Japan and Europe, all established communist party organizations.
各地共产党早期组织成立后,革命分子通过出版报纸、杂志、编译书籍,积极开展马克思主义理论宣言。同时,他们积极推动成立青年团组织、产业工会、工人补习学校,举行纪念五一国际劳动节游行等活动,努力促进马克思主义与工人运动相结合。这样,正式成立中国共产党的条件就基本具备了。
After the establishment of early party organizations in various regions, revolutionaries actively worked toward the spread of Marxist theory through the publication of newspaper and magazines as well as the compilation and translation of books. At the same time, they worked hard toward the establishment of the youth league organizations, industry unions, continuation schools for workers, and parades in celebration of International Workers’ Day. In this way, they helped connect Marxism to the labor movement. Thus, the basic foundation was laid for the official establishment of the CPC.
中国共产党的创建,也得到了由列宁发起的共产国际的支持和帮助。1921年6月初,共产国际代表马林和共产国际远东书记处代表尼克尔斯基先后到达上海,与上海的共产党早期组织成员李达、李汉俊建立了联系。经过几次交谈,他们一致认为应尽快召开全国代表大会,成立全国统一的中国共产党。
The founding of the CPC also received support and aid from the Lenin-initiated Comintern. In early June 1921, Henk Sneevliet (also known as “Maring”) of the Comintern and Nikolsky of the Far Eastern Bureau Secretariat of the Comintern went to Shanghai to meet with Li Da and Li Hanjun of the Shanghai communist party organization. After several meetings, they were in accord that a national congress needed to be held as soon as possible so as to officially establish a single, nationally-united communist party.
李达、李汉俊同当时在广州的陈独秀、在北京的李大钊通过书信商议,决定在上海召开中国共产党第一次代表大会。随即,他们写信通知北京、武汉、长沙、济南、广州和旅日的党组织,派代表到上海出席会议。
中共一大上海会议会址
Site of the 1st CPC National Congress in Shanghai
1921年7月23日,中国共产党第一次全国代表大会在上海法租界召开。会议原定由陈独秀主持,由于他未出席会议,遂推选北京代表、参与大会筹备工作的张国焘主持。毛泽东、周佛海担任记录人。7月23日晚,举行第一次会议。7月24日,举行第二次会议。7月25日和26日休会两天。7月27日、28日和29日,连续三天举行三次会议,代表们对党的纲领作了热烈讨论。
中共第一次全国代表大会蜡像情境重现
Wax figure display of the 1st CPC National Congress
On July 23, 1921, the First National Congress of the CPC was held in the Shanghai French Concession. Chen Duxiu was originally to chair the meeting, but since he was unable to attend, Zhang Guotao (a Beijing representative who had assisted with preparatory work) took Chen’s place. Mao Zedong and Zhou Fohai served as recorders. The night of July 23 witnessed the first meeting. The next evening, July 24, representatives gathered again. July 25 and 26 were days off, and representatives continued meeting on July 27-29, enthusiastically discussing the party Program and Resolution.
7月30日晚,举行第六次会议,会议开始不久,一个穿灰布长衫的中年男子突然闯入会场,朝室内东张西望,代表们问他干什么,他含糊其辞,后转身离开。马林问代表们是否认识此人,各地代表都表示不认识此人。富有秘密工作经验的马林从座位上一跃而起:“一定是包打听,我建议会议立即停止,迅速分散撤离!”听此言,代表们匆匆收拾起桌上的文件,离开了会场。
They met together for the sixth time on July 30. Not long after the meeting began, a middle-aged man wearing a traditional, gray robe rushed in and Looked around. The representatives asked what he was doing, and he vaguely replied and left soon. Sneevliet asked if anyone knew the man, but no one claimed to know him. Sneevliet, full of experience in underground work, jumped up and said, “He is definitely a spy. We must immediately end the meeting and leave as quickly as possible!” Representatives all hurried to put away their documents and left the meeting.
代表们离开不到15分钟,法租界巡捕房就开来2辆警车,派来1个法国总巡、2个法国侦探、2个中国侦探、1个法国兵、3个翻译,共9人,他们迅速包围了会场,翻箱倒柜,严密搜查1个多小时,最后因为没有搜查到有价值的东西,只好悻悻而去。显然,代表们的活动已经受到监视,会议无法继续在上海举行。
About 15 minutes later, the French Concession police force sent two squad cars with a French police captain, two French investigators, two Chinese investigators, one French soldier, and three translators who then quickly arrived. They entered, thoroughly searched the premises for an hour. In the end, having found no evidence of value, they had no choice but to leave empty-handed. Apparently, the representatives were already being watched, and they knew they could no longer continue in Shanghai.
7月30日晚,即第六次会议被迫中断的当晚李达、张国焘、周佛海等几位代表聚集在李达家,决定第二天停会,并通知代表们找到妥当开会地点再行复会。起先曾议定去杭州西湖开会,但代表们又担心杭州西湖游人太多,不安全。在场的李达夫人王会悟提议,会议可以转移至她的家乡嘉兴的南湖继续召开。最后,李达与代表们商量,大家都同意了这个意见,“一大”转移会址就这样定了下来。
中共一大代表转移会址到嘉兴南湖
The 1st CPC National Congress was moved to the Nanhu Lake of Jiaxing
On the night of July 30 after this incident, several representatives including Li Da, Zhang Guotao and Zhou Fohai gathered at Li Da's and decided to suspend the meeting until a new venue could be found. At first, West Lake of Hangzhou was suggested, but they were worried about safety as a result of the number of tourists there. Wang Huiwu, the wife of Li Da, suggested moving the meeting to Nanhu Lake in her hometown of Jiaxing. The representatives agreed to this and made preparations to go.
代表们在王会悟带领下,先乘摆渡船到湖心岛,登上南湖名胜烟雨楼,似在观赏风光,实则观察周围环境,然后才登上了事先租定的画舫式游船。为安全保密起见,她特地让船既不靠岸也不傍岛,就在水中来回漂荡。会议从上午11点左右开始召开,到了下午5点左右,湖中共有5艘游船,并有一艘小汽艇开过来,与会代表疑为警方巡逻,赶紧拿出事先准备好的麻将牌作掩护。后发现这艘汽艇是城内葛姓士绅私艇,大家才放下心来,继续开会。
Led by Wang Huiwu, the representatives first took a ferry to Huxin Island where they visited the Yanyu Pavilion appearing to be sightseeing (though they were actually surveying the surrounding environment). Then, they got into the pleasure boat they had rented. For the purpose of ensuring safety, the boat was kept in the midst of the lake close to neither the shore nor the island. The meeting began at 11: 00 in the morning. At about 5: 00 p.m. when there were altogether five pleasure boats on the lake, a cutter directly approached them. They thought it might be a police patrol and quickly took out the Mahjong game they had prepared. However, everyone relaxed and continued the meeting when the cutter just turned out to be the private boat of a local surnamed Ge.
中共一大南湖会议通过了中国共产党的第一个纲领,确定党的名称为“中国共产党”,并确定党的根本政治目的是实行社会革命。会议还通过了中国共产党的第一个决议,主要内容是集中力量领导工人运动和开展宣传工作。会议最后选举产生了党的中央领导机构。
The First National Congress of the CPC on Nanhu Lake passed the first Program of the CPC, deciding on the name as the “Communist Party of China”. It also passed the CPC’s first Resolution, which mainly dealt with focusing effort on leading a workers movement and publicity. The final act of the meeting was to elect the central leadership.
南湖红船
Site of the 1st CPC National Congress on Nanhu Lake, Jiaxing
中国共产党成立时,虽然只有58名党员,在中国政治舞合上还只是一个很小的政党,但它从诞生之日起,就充满着勃勃生机和活力,预示着中国的光明和希望。会议结束后,代表们当夜分散离开了嘉兴,他们把革命的火种带向全国各地,中国的历史从此写出全新的篇章。
Thus a great political party was born of a small boat. When the CPC was born, even though there were only 58 members, it was very minor on the political stage of the time. However, from the day it was born, the CPC was full of vigor and life, promising hope for China's future. On the concluding night of the First National Congress of the CPC, the representatives left Jiaxing to bring the torch of revolution to all regions of the country, and it was in this way that a new chapter in Chinese history began.
参考来源:《红船精神:起航的梦想》
供稿:翻译室 机关党委
转载请注明:浙江外事
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