Noam Chomsky | Language Use and Design
编者按
《理论语言学五道口站》(2022年第49期,总第252期)联合乔姆斯基研究所为大家转载分享一则讲座视频回放。本次讲座时间为2013年4月4日,由爱尔兰都柏林大学哲学系主办,主讲人为语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)教授 ,他从语言系统包含的多个概念对出发,聚焦于语言的本质和语言系统的主要用途 ,为观察思考语言问题提供了新的启发。
注:本次分享已由主办方爱尔兰都柏林大学哲学系副教授Daniel Esmonde Deasy授权转载。
01
Language Use and Design
语言使用和设计
此次讲座主要围绕四个问题展开:
一、语言的本质是什么?
二、语言设计的目的是什么?
三、为什么外化在语言系统中只是一个次要的部分?
四、使用语言的过程中,人们在计算功效和交际功效间如何抉择?
1.What is the fundamental nature of language?
2.What is language designed for?
3.Why is externalization only a peripheral part of language system?
4.How do people choose between computational efficiency and communicative efficiency when using language?
02
About the speaker
人物简介
Noam Chomsky
诺姆·乔姆斯基,麻省理工学院荣休教授、亚利桑那大学桂冠教授,享誉世界的著名语言学家、认知科学家、政治批评家、伟大的思想家、哲学家、历史学家,是现代语言学史上被引用最多的学者。自20世纪50年代起,他的研究彻底改变了语言学领域,将语言视为一种人类特有的、基于生物遗传属性的认知能力。他将语法按照生成能力分为0-型语法、1-型语法、2-型语法、3-型语法四种类型,并规定了不同类型语法之间的层级关系,这被称之为“乔姆斯基等级”。这一理论目前仍是计算机科学中的有机组成部分。通过对语言学和多个相关领域的贡献(包括认知思维科学、形式科学、人脑科学和人工智能等),乔姆斯基引领了一场持续至今的“认知革命”,启发和催生了包括“生物语言学”在内的多个语言学分支学科的产生和发展。乔姆斯基也因此被认为是“第二次认知革命”的代表人物、“语言学界的爱因斯坦”。
Noam Chomsky, an Emeritus professor of MIT and Laureate professor of the University of Arizona, is a distinguished linguist, cognitive scientist, political critic, a great thinker, philosopher, historian and the most cited living scholar in modern linguistic history. His work from the 1950s revolutionized the field of linguistics by regarding language as a kind of human specific, biological genetic properties based cognitive ability. He classified grammars into four types: Type-0 grammars, Type-1 grammars, Type-2 grammars and Type-3 grammars, and specified a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars, which is called the "Chomsky hierarchy". This theory is still an integral part of computer science. Through his contributions to linguistics and related fields, including cognitive science, formal science, brain science and artificial intelligence, Chomsky helped to initiate and sustain what came to be known as the "cognitive revolution". It inspired and promoted the emergence and development of multiple linguistic branches including Biolinguistics. He is therefore considered as the leading figure of “the Second Cognitive Revolution” and as the ‘Einstein’ in Linguistics.
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编辑:何姝颖 郭思源 聂简荻
排版:何姝颖 赵欣宇
审校:田英慧 时仲