SuRe Food 跨学科系列讲座 第八期
01
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Payments for ecological compensation areas: Benefits for biodiversity and multifunctionality related to environmental conditions and farming systems
支付生态补偿:与环境和农业系统相关的生物多样性和多功能的效益
Solen Le Clec’h, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research
Abstract
Agri-environmental schemes are one of the policy instruments introduced in Europe to lead to ecological improvements on farms and surrounding areas for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. We examined the potential benefits for biodiversity and multifunctionality of two types of ecological compensation areas (ECA), i.e., action-oriented (ECA1) vs. result-oriented (ECA2) agri-environmental schemes, compared to intensively managed grasslands in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. We first assessed the different environmental conditions in which the six grassland types (ECA1, ECA2, intensive, managed as meadows or pastures) differ. Then we estimated the multifunctionality of ECAs, based on their spatial location. Finally, based on census data, we assessed how different farming systems, incl. organic versus conventional farming differs in their uptake of ECAs per farm. Our results show that grasslands under ECA 1 and 2 were located on lands that are not the most suitable for agricultural production. The environmental conditions of the grassland types differ in those intensive grasslands were located at sites most suitable for intensification, while action-oriented (ECA1) were located at less suitable and result-oriented ECAs at even worse locations in terms of elevation, distance to farm etc.). The potential multifunctionality was also higher in ECAs, as most of the value of most of the four ecosystem services considered was higher in ECAs than in intensive grasslands. Organic farms contained much higher proportions of ECAs than conventional farms. Other differences can be observed between organic and conventional farms in terms of management characteristics. The outcomes of our study help to understand the landscape-level outcomes of the uptake of three agri-environmental schemes, i.e., action- vs. result-oriented ECAs and organic farming, and their interplay. Results will further help to understand which sites biodiversity and multifunctionality are (potentially) being supported as based on farmers decisions and the environmental setting.
摘要
农业环境计划是欧洲引入的政策工具之一，旨在改善农场和周边地区的生态环境，以保护生物多样性和提供生态系统服务。我们研究了两种类型的生态补偿区(ECA)对生物多样性和多功能性的潜在好处，即以行动为导向的(ECA1)和以结果为导向的(ECA2)农业环境计划，并与瑞士索罗图恩州集中管理的草原系统进行比较分析。首先，我们评估了6种草地类型的不同环境条件。然后根据其空间位置，对生态补偿区的多功能性进行了估计。最后，基于普查数据，我们评估了不同耕作系统(包括有机耕作和传统耕作)在每个农场运用生态补偿方面的差异。结果表明，ECA1和ECA2下的草地位于不适合农业生产的土地上。集约化草地的环境条件存在差异，集约化草地位于最适合集约化的位置，而行动导向草地位于最不适合集约化的位置，结果导向草地位于海拔、到农场的距离等更差的位置。生态补偿区的潜在多功能性也较高，因为生态补偿区所考虑的4种生态系统服务的大部分价值都高于集约草地。有机农场比传统农场拥有更高比例的生态补偿。在管理特征方面，还可以观察到有机农场和传统农场之间的其他差异。本研究的结果有助于理解三种农业-环境方案(即行动与结果导向的生态补偿区和有机耕作)的景观水平结果及其相互作用。研究结果将进一步帮助了解哪些地点的生物多样性和多功能性(可能)得到了基于农民决策和环境设置的支持。
02
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From value perception to behavioral intention: Study of Chinese smallholder’s pro-environmental farming practices
从价值感知到行为意愿:以中国小农环保耕作技术为例
Fan Li, Development Economics Group, Wageningen University and Research
Abstract
Internal motivation is a crucial factor determining an individual’s behavior, this is particularly relevant to smallholders’ adoption of the pro-environmental agricultural practices in rural China. However, there has been rather limited evidence about smallholders’ behavioral intention formation, especially focusing on farmers’ pro-environmental practices. Using a large-scale in-depth interview data from a sample of 549 rural farmers in Shandong province in China, we developed an integrated socio-psychological model, which interlinked the value-belief-norm (VBN) theory and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) into a coherent framework, and we further tested the model by using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The results can be summarized into three bullet points: (a) the integrated model (compare to either VBN or the TPB model) shows a substantial improvement in explaining smallholder’s behavioral intention; b)farmer’s value perception of (farm) environment plays a fundamental role in forming their behavioral intention; c) the TPB theory exhibit better performance than VBN theory; however, the TPB theory is rather incomplete, in a sense that farmers’ subjective norms, behavior attitudes, and their perceived behavioral control (core elements in the TPB theory) are shaped by their value perceptions. This result indicates that to foster smallholders’ internal motivation in adopting pro-environmental agricultural practices, policymakers should particularly take into account farmers’ value perception of the environment.
摘要
内在动机是决定个体行为的关键因素，这与中国农村小农采用环保农业实践尤其相关。然而，目前关于小农行为意愿形成的证据相当有限，尤其是对农民环保行为的研究。利用山东省549名农民的大规模深度访谈数据，我们建立了一个整合的社会心理模型，将价值-信念-规范(VBN)理论和计划行为理论(TPB)整合为一个连贯的框架。并利用结构方程模型(SEM)对模型进行了进一步的检验。结果可以概括为三个要点:(a)综合模型(与VBN或TPB模型相比)在解释小农行为意图方面有了显著改善;(2)农民对(农场)环境的价值感知对其行为意愿的形成起基础性作用;c) TPB理论表现出比VBN理论更好的性能；然而，TPB理论还相当不完善，从某种意义上说，农民的主观规范、行为态度和感知行为控制(TPB理论的核心要素)都是由他们的价值感知所塑造的。这一结果表明，为了培养小农采取环保农业做法的内在动机，决策者应该特别考虑农民对环境的价值感知。
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