打卡 D-6
#2017/08/21 每日一句
今天做一期香芒的感觉~
先科普一下MOOC（massive open online course）
MW学术上的特殊性在于语言的历史改变，举例来说他视“谁”的这种逐渐消失是很自然的，比起旧式英语的丢失并没有太多的后悔。
今天上午读了师兄的英文文献来着，积累了一些词汇~
apoptosis 凋亡
putative 假定，假设
phylogenetic 进化
hematopoietic 造血
mollusk 软体动物
fetal 胎
mussel 蚌
homolog 同源
gill 鳃
homodimers 同源二聚体
dilute 稀释
hydrothermal 热液
algorithm 算法
resampling 重采样
bootstrap 引导
assay 化验
Petri 培养皿
lysis 裂解
lysate 裂解液
rinse 冲洗
visualize 想象
retrieve 取回
confocal 共聚焦
每日ISSUE
65. "People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to seem eaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups."
人们被社会鼓励而将注意力集中于显而易见的差异上，以至于人们已经无法看到各种理念、个人和群体之间的有意义的相似。
People in different cultural environmentswould respond differently to this statement.
1. On the one hand, western cultures tend to focus on differences among ideas, individuals and groups.
2. The danger of traditional societies, on the other hand, is to ignore differences forcing individuals and groups to conform to one authority.
3. A healthy attitude is to be sensitive to both differences and similarities.
统一和差异 个人觉得还不错吧，也没有差那么多？
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70. "In any profession--business, politics, education, government--those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
在任何领域中----商业、政治、教育、政府----掌权者应该在五年后就让位。这是任何机构获得成功的最好的方式：通过更新领导者而保持活力。
Limiting the term of leadershipis an effective way to prevent corruption and lack of initiatives.
1. When leaders have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power.滥用职权
2. A new leadership usually hasgreater initiative and would bring in new ideas.新官上任三把火
3. However, in certain realms such as business it might not be so necessary to limit the term of leadership.具体问题具体分析，比如说这个商业里面可能掌权很久，就是谁有能力谁上位
4. Furthermore, new leaders often lack the necessary skill and experience to cope with existing problems; therefore,they need a period of time for adaptation.新手的缺点，缺乏经验
新手和老手
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72. "One can bestunderstand the most important characteristics of a society by studying itsmajor cities."
人们可以通过研究一个社会的主要城市来了解它最重要的特点。
It is no longer true the major cities are characteristic of a society.
1. Major cities used to be the cultural centers of a society.文化中心
2. Nowadays, however, due to the influence of globalization, major cities throughout the world look more or lessthe same.因为全球化，主要城市变得很相似，缺乏了个性
3. By contrast, the rural areas ofa society maintain more of its cultural tradition.文化传统可能更倾向于存在小城市或者乡村里面
少数和多数之以小见大
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76. "Truly profoundthinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time andtheir society."
真正深刻的思想家和充满创造力的艺术家总是超前于他们所在的时代和社会的。
不赞同，毫无关联，偷换概念
To be more exact, great thinkers and artists are generally out of step with their time and society.
1. Many great artists remained obscure all their lives.
2. There are countless examples of original thinkers who were either ignored or misunderstood by their time andtheir society.
3. However, there are cases of greater thinkers or artists who were recognized and rocketed to instant fame in their own time and their own society.
另类天才
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77. "People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered, separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole."
现在的人们太个人主义了。与其追求以个人为中心和孤立的目标，人们更需要明白满足是源于为家庭、社区或者整个社会的更大利益的服务。
Extreme individualism has become a serious threat to the social fabric and the welfare of all members ofsociety.
1. Some people may claim that thegreater good of the family, the community or society lies in the good of theindividual, which justifies the pursuit of self-interests.
2. The problem dauntingcontemporary society is that egoism as run wild.
3. Today there is every need forthe society to encourage individuals to work for the interests of others.
少数和多数
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89. "Leaders are createdprimarily by the demands that are placed upon them."
领导者主要是由身负的责任所造就的。
Generally speaking, leaders arethe results of a combination of internal qualities and external conditions.
1. The demands place upon a personcould challenge him or her to become a leader.
2. However, the statement seems tosuggest that anybody can become a leader if demands are placed on him or her,which is unwarranted.
3. Besides opportunities, one alsoneed to have certain qualities to make a leader.
时势造英雄
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93. "The concept of'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies musthold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior islargely determined by forces not of their own making."
个人责任的概念是一种很必要的虚构。尽管社会必须让个人对他们自己的行为负责，但是人们的行为很大程度上不是自己能够左右的。
1. The claim that individualresponsibility is a necessary fictions has some merit in that a society whereindividuals are not held accountable for their actions and choices is a lawlessone, devoid of any order whatsoever.
2. A correlative argument forindividual responsibility involves the fact that lawless, or anarchist, statesgive way to despotic rule by strong individuals who seize power.
3. As for the speaker’s secondclaim, it flies in the face of our everyday experiences in making choices anddecisions.
少数和多数之个人责任
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113. "It is primarilythrough our identification with social groups that we define ourselves."
如果我们要定位自己最重要是要定位自己所处的社会团体。
I strongly agree that we defineourselves primarily through our identification with social groups, as thespeaker asserts.
1. Any developmental psychologistwould agree that socialization with other children plays a critical role in anychild’s understanding and psychological development of self.
2. As children progress to thesocial world of the playground and other after-school venues, their earlierrecognition that they relate more closely to some people than to others evolvesinto a desire to form well-defined social groups, and to set these groups apartfrom others.
3. However, as young adults takeon the responsibilities of partnering, parenting, and working, they appear todefine themselves less by their social affiliations and more by their maritalstatus, parental status, and occupation.
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120. "So much is new andcomplex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provideslittle guidance for living in the present."
现代社会是如此的崭新和复杂以至于回首了解过去对于当代生活已经没有太大帮助了。
Even though history offers fewfoolproof panaceas for living today, the author’s claim that today’s world isso unique that the past is irrelevant is too radical.
1. Admittedly, history has helpedus learn the appropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularlymoral ones, on a societal level.
2. However, the only firm lessonfrom history about social ills is that they are here to stay.
现在和过去
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126. "Society's externalrewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only inrelation to the goals one sets for oneself."
社会给予的客观奖励并不能衡量真正的成功。真正的成功只能是取决于一个人为他自己设定的目标。
Success should be gauged on apersonal base.
1. Society’s external rewards canonly be regarded as society’s recognition of one’s contribution to society.
2. For an individual person, acorrect attitude is to gauge success in relation to the goals one sets foroneself.
3. Overemphasizing the socialcriterion of success tends to belittle the worth of an individual.
客观和主观
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133. "The problems ofmodern society have led many people to complain: 'We live in terrible times.'Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live in any othertime."
现代社会的问题是很多人都在抱怨：“我们生活在一个可怕的时代。”但是假设让他们选择的话，现在的人们仍然会选择现在而不是其他的时代。
We live in the best time ofhistory.
1. Firstly, our living conditionstoday are superior to those of any past generations.
2. Secondly, technologies havemade it possible for men to work under much more comfortable working conditionstoday than before.
3. Most of the problems troublingus today have been troubling human beings for a long time.
时间
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140. "What society hasthought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements haveoften resulted in the greatest discontent."
被社会自诩为是它最伟大的社会、政治和个人成就的东西结果往往带来最大的非议。
Agree with concession:
1. With respect to individualachievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tendto be dissatisfied and discontent with their accomplishments—no matter howgreat.
2. Individual achievements canoften result in discontent on a societal level.
3. Turning from individualachievements to societal, including political, achievements, the extent towhich great achievement have caused discontent often depends on one’sperspective.
社会和人民大众
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142. "The well-being of asociety is enhanced when many of its people question authority."
当很多人都质疑权威的时候社会就会繁荣昌盛。
Agree with concession:
1. Admittedly, when many peoplequestion authority, some societal harm might result, even if a social cause isworthy.
2. While violence is rarelyjustifiable as a means of questioning authority, peaceful challenges topolitical and legal authority, by many people, are not only justifiable butactually necessary when it comes to enhancing and even preserving society’swell-being.
3. Questioning authority is alsoessential for advances in the sciences.
4. Similarly, in the arts, peoplemust challenge established styles and forms rather than imitate them;otherwise, no genuinely new art would ever emerge, and society would be worseoff.
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149. "The most practicaland effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists tothese areas through environmentally sensitive projects."
保护野生环境最实际和最有效的途径就是通过环保的（旅游）项目吸引更多的旅游者来这些地区（旅游）。
Disagree
1. Tourists swarming to visit theenvironmentally sensitive projects may pose a serious threat to the wildnessareas.
2. The most practical andeffective way to protect wilderness areas is to leave those places to take careof themselves.
环保和旅游的关系
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152. "The onlyresponsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, isto make as much money as possible for their companies."
公司的经营者们唯一的责任就是在法律规定范围之内为他们的公司赚尽可能多的钱。
In several respects thisposition has considerable merit; yet it ignores certain compelling argumentsfor imposing on businesses additional obligations to the society in which theyoperate.
1. On the one hand are convincingarguments that profit maximization within the bounds of the law should be abusiness executive’s sole responsibility. First, imposing on businessesadditional duties to society in which they operate can, paradoxically, harmthat society.
2. Secondly, by affirming thatprofit maximization within legal bounds is the most ethical behavior possiblefor business, more private enterprises and individuals will be encouraged enterthe marketplace in the quest of profits.
3. On the other hand arecompelling arguments for holding business executives to certainresponsibilities in addition to profit maximization and to compliance with theletter of law.
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-160. "The most essentialquality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committedto particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easilyinfluenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."
对于一位强有力的领导者来说，最关键的能力就是要对一些原则和目标坚定不移。任何领导如果很频繁的、很轻易的为大众意志而转移的话，他将会一事无成。
In addressing the issue it ishelpful to consider, in turn, three distinct forms of leadership: business,political and social-spiritual.
1. In the business realm,effective leadership is generally defined, at least in our corporate culture,as that which achieves the goal of profit maximization for a firm’sshareholders or other owners.
2. In the political realm,stubborn adherence to one’s objective in the short term might serve a politicalleader’s interest in preserving his or her power, yet in the long term suchbehavior invariably results in that leader’s downfall.
3. Socio-spiritual leadership, inorder to be effective, inherently requires that the leader remain steadfastlycommitted to principle.
少数和多数之领导与大众