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动词不定式(to do sth)与动词的ing 形式,都是非谓语动词。一般地, 不定式表示:具体的,某一次特定的或将来的行为。而动词的-ing 形式则表示:抽象的,一般地,具有普遍性的,或正在进行的行为。在句中都能作:主语,宾语,定语,状语,宾补等。如:① I like swimming, but I dn’t like to go today. 我喜欢游泳,但今天我不想去。[注]:下列动词接to do sth.和doing sth 的不同意义:Ⅰ. for “向……”,接在leave, start, depart 等动词之后,表方向。如:① She is leaving for Beijing. 她将动身到北京去。Ⅱ. towards 仅表“方向”,比for 的意味要强。如:① He is coming towards the house. 他向这房子走来。Ⅲ. to “向,朝……”表目的地。接在动词come, go, return, proceed, move, march 等后。如:① Let’s go to Yangzhou by steamer. 让咱们乘船去杨州吧!② Soon after his return(he returned) to England, his father died. 当他回英国不久后,他的父亲便去世了。 二者都是动词,treat意为“治疗”,强调用药物或医疗手段医治的过程,并不表示治疗了效果。heal意为“治愈”,指医好伤病。如:① The dentist is treating his teeth.牙医在为他治牙。② The doctor healed my burns. 医生治好了我的烧伤。4. used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/Ⅰ. Used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”(现在不做了),只用于过去时态。如:① He used to get up early.过去他常早起。(现在已不这样了)② Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday.她母亲过去常在周五去购物,但现在她周日去了。Ⅱ. Be used to (doing)sth. “习惯于做某事”,be used 是被动语态结构。可用于现在、过去、将来多种时态。Be可用get, become等代替。如:① He will be / has been used to getting up early. 他将会/ 已经习惯于早起。Ⅲ. Be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”, be used 是被动语态结构,其中不定式表目的,可用于多种时态。如:① Wood is used to make paper.木材用来造纸。[注]:used to 的否定式有两种:一是:used not to 二是:didn’t use to 如:① My father used not to smoke. = My father didn’t use to smoke.我爸爸过去不抽烟。② They used not to live in the country. = They didn’t use to live in the country.其疑问式是将used 提前,或添加助动词 did.Ⅳ.would 是情态动词,没有象used to那样,有过去和现在的对比。不能说明是否现在还做不做。 5. very / right / just
Ⅰ. right “正好”“就” “立刻”等。如:① Mike lives right opposite the street.麦克就住在街对面。② There’s a big stone right in the middle of the road. 路正中有块在石头。③ Lily met an accident right here. 莉莉就是在这儿出事的。④ She’ll be right back. 她马上就回来。Ⅱ. Just 作为副词,常用在祈使句前以加强语气。如:① Just think of the result. 试想一下后果吧。③ Just wait a moment, please.请稍等。Ⅲ. very 作为形容词,常与the, this或my, your等连用,以加强语气,表“正是那个”“恰好的”等。如:① You are the very person I’m looking for. (= You are the right person …) 你正是我要找的人。② The two men fought on this very spot. (= right in this place) 那两个男子就是在这个地方打起来的。此两者都是表建议的句型,一般可以代换。类似的还有:Ⅰ. why not “好的、可以呀、为什么不可以呢?”如:①--Mum, may I go out to play basketball now? –Why not?③ Why not ask your teacher? 怎么不去问一问你的老师呢?① --I won’t see the film again. – Why not?Ⅱ. why don’t 是一种友好的建议(a friendly suggestion).无论在什么场合,使用起来十分亲切。后面接主语。如:① Why don’t you go swimming? 为什么不去游泳呢?② Why don’t I give Lily some colourful pencils? 我给莉莉一些彩笔,好吗?Ⅰ.job “工作”,既可指固定的工作,也可指临时的或某项具体的工作,是可数名词,前面可用不定冠词a, 也可以有复数形式。如:① John lost his job. John失业了。② There were just not enough jobs.没有 那么多的工作(可干)。③ Tom’s father is looking for a job. Ⅱ.work 是个普通用词,泛指一切工作,是不可数名词。如:① I have a lot of work to this evening. 教师的工作就是教学。② A teacher’s work is teaching.老师的工作就是教学。apply/hung for a job.求职get/ find a job.找到一份工作lose one’s job。失业perform odd job.打零工quit a job. 辞职have/work a side job 兼职take a part-time/full-time job in a department store.8. work at/ work on/ work outⅠ. work at 与work on 都可以作“从事于”,后接名词、代词、或动词-ing 形式作宾语。Work at 侧重于表示所从事的工作和性质,而不在于说明正在做什么。此时可将work at 译为“学习,研究,写作,致力于”等。如:① They have worked at this subject for many years. 他们研究这个课题已经有好多年了。② He is working at a new invention. 他正致力于一项新的发明。Ⅱ. work on 侧重于表示“从事某项工作”。可将它译为“造;创作;画;做……”。宾语为其具体的对象。常用于进行时态和完成时态。还可表示:“继续工作;对……起作用”如:① We’re workin on some wood-cuts. 他们正在创作一些木刻作品。② He has been working on this painting for days. 这张画他已画了好些天了。③ They will work on till sunset. 他们将继续工作,直到日落。④ This medicine will work on the affected part. 这药能对患部起作用。Ⅰ.worth可用作名词或形容词,作名词时,意为“价值”,无复数形式;也可解作“值一定金额的数量”如:① Nobody knew the true worth of his work. 没有人知道他的工作的真实价值。② Give me one yuan’s worth of apples. 给我一元钱的苹果。▲ worth 作形容词时,只能用作表语,不能作定语,其后常跟钱数或相当于钱的词,表示:“值多少钱”;跟动词的-ing 形式,表示“值得(做)……”。如:③ The dictionary is worth 5 yuan. 这本字典值5元钱。④ The play is worth seeing. 这场戏值得一看。Ⅱ.worthy 是形容词,意为“值得”,主要用作表语,后跟of , 再接名词或动词-ing 的被动形式。worthy 后也可跟不定式。如表被动意思须接不定式的被动语态。如:① She is worthy of help. 她值得帮助。② The watch is worthy of being bought. 这块表值得买③ The question is worthy to be discussed. 这个问题值得讨论。
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