后大流行时期的生活206——呼吸道感染引发的沉默性缺氧
血氧饱和度
沉默性缺氧
新冠病毒感染与沉默性缺氧
沉默性缺氧的原因
应对的策略与建议
血氧饱和度或称血氧浓度(blood oxygen saturation level)一般是指血液中氧饱和血红蛋白相对于总血红蛋白的的比值。人体的正常动脉血氧饱和为97-100%,或96-99%[1]。如果该水平低于90%,则会被认为是低氧血症。当动脉的血氧水平低于80%时,可能会损害器官功能,例如大脑和心脏,持续的低血氧则可能会导致呼吸或心脏骤停。不过不同年龄人群的血氧饱和度也存在一些差异,比如老年人的氧饱和度通常略低于年轻人和儿童。由于各种身体机能的转变,70岁以上人群的正常血氧饱和度可能接近95%,这对于该年龄组来说可能是正常的,而婴儿和儿童的正常97%或更高。
呼吸道疾病感染很可能会带来血氧饱和度的下降。以新型冠状病毒感染为例,当患者静息状态下,吸空气时手指氧饱和度≤93%为重症患者[2]。
沉默性缺氧(Silent hypoxia 或者 happy hypoxia)是与正常情况下缺氧引发的呼吸急促完全不相同的全身性缺氧,这种表现通常被认为是新冠病毒感染的并发症之一。一部分患者在发生呼吸道疾病感染后(通常为新冠病毒感染),血氧饱和度水平会降至极低的水平,但同期患者不会出现任何呼吸急促、胸闷或者憋喘等呼吸困难相关的症状,患者自己本身也没有感觉到任何不适,因此也称为无症状低氧血症[3]。
轻症的新冠病毒感染后,胸部有收紧感。
因为疼痛而无法正常进行深呼吸。
不明原因的非正常出汗。
嘴唇颜色由正常肤色的红色开始发蓝。
精神不佳。
出现较为明显的心率变化。
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参考资料:
[1]Kobayashi, M; Fukuda, S; Takano, KI; Kamizono, J; Ichikawa, K (June 2018). "Can a pulse oxygen saturation of 95% to 96% help predict further vital sign destabilization in school-aged children?: A retrospective observational study". Medicine. 97 (25): e11135. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011135. PMC 6023980. PMID 29924014. S2CID 49312513.
[2]中华人民共和国国家卫健委,新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版)
[3]Chandra A, Chakraborty U, Pal J, Karmakar P. Silent hypoxia: a frequently overlooked clinical entity in patients with COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2020 Sep 7;13(9):e237207. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237207. PMID: 32900744; PMCID: PMC7478026.
[4]Sirohiya P, Elavarasi A, Sagiraju HKR, Baruah M, Gupta N, Garg RK, Paul SS, Ratre BK, Singh R, Kumar B, Vig S, Pandit A, Kumar A, Garg R, Meena VP, Mittal S, Pahuja S, Das N, Dwivedi T, Gupta R, Kumar S, Pandey M, Mishra A, Matharoo KS, Mohan A, Guleria R, Bhatnagar S. Silent Hypoxia in Coronavirus disease-2019: Is it more dangerous? -A retrospective cohort study. Lung India. 2022 May-Jun;39(3):247-253. doi: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_601_21. PMID: 35488682; PMCID: PMC9200195.
[5]Bowden O (12 May 2020). "What is 'silent hypoxia'? The coronavirus symptom patients don't know they have"
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[12]Weisbrod CJ, Eastwood PR, O’Driscoll G, Green DJ. Abnormal ventilatory responses to hypoxia in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2005;22:563–568.
[13]O’Donnell CR, Friedman LS, Russomanno JH, Rose RM. Diminished perception of inspiratory-resistive loads in insulin-dependent diabetics. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1369–1373.