后大流行时期的生活235——百日咳·其二【百日咳再现】
“百日咳再现”
“百日咳再现”的原因
大流行期间的百日咳
后大流行期间的百日咳
在20世纪最初的几十年里,百日咳博鲍特菌感染在学龄儿童中是普遍存在的,累积的整体发病率很高,而且大约每10例病例中就会有约有1人死亡,这意味着在当时可能因百日咳感染而死的儿童要比脊髓灰质炎和麻疹的总和还多[1]。不过随着百日咳疫苗的研发和广泛接种,百日咳的流行病学发生了巨大的变化在数十年间就降低了到了极低的水平。1922年美国将百日咳列为需通报的传染病。在最初的20年中,报告的病例数从未低于10万例,并在1934年达到峰值,总计上报了超过265000例[2]。不过随着1940年之后百日咳灭活疫苗的问世,百日咳的上报数据很快迎来了全面下降,1976年的数据为历史最低值1010例。但在2000年之后,百日咳的流行情况则再次出现了上升。
(美国1922~2012年百日咳上报统计)
二、“百日咳再现”的原因
三、大流行期间的百日咳
英格兰地区2012年1月至2021年6月按月份和年龄组别计算的百日咳病例总数
四、后大流行期间的百日咳
(2018~2023英格兰按年龄组划分的实验室确诊百日咳病例)
从国家疾控局的数据统计来看,2023年的上报病例数较2022年并没出现异常的增长。
基于以上数据,暂时没有足够且全面的证据表明新冠病毒大流行是造成近年来百日咳流行病学变化的原因,造成增长的主要原因或许还是“百日咳再现”的延续。但不可否认的是,新冠病毒反复感染对人群免疫系统和医疗资源造成的影响,也给百日咳的防护带来了新的挑战,值得警惕。新冠病毒大流行可能对百日咳流行造成的潜在影响,可能会在之后一段时间有所体现。
以上就是本期分享的全部内容,如果有什么问题欢迎给我留言,也可以给我发送邮件(dzdyzj@126.com)
参考资料:
[1]Clark TA. Changing pertussis epidemiology: everything old is new again. J Infect Dis. 2014 Apr 1;209(7):978-81. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu001. PMID: 24626532.
[2]Clark TA, Messonnier NE, Hadler SC. Pertussis control: time for something new?, Trends Microbiol, 2012, vol. 20 (pg. 211-3)
[3]中华预防医学会, 中华预防医学会疫苗与免疫分会. 中国疫苗和免疫. 2021;27(3):317-327.
[4]Domenech de Cellès M, Magpantay FM, King AA, Rohani P. The pertussis enigma: reconciling epidemiology, immunology and evolution. Proc Biol Sci. 2016 Jan 13;283(1822):20152309. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2309. PMID: 26763701; PMCID: PMC4721090.
[5]国家疾病预防控制局,全国法定传染病疫情概况
[6]Sandoval T, Bisht A, Maurice AS. The impact of COVID-19 and masking practices on pertussis cases at a large academic medical center (2019-2021). Am J Infect Control. 2023 Jul;51(7):844-846. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.11.012. Epub 2022 Nov 20. PMID: 36417951; PMCID: PMC9675934.
[7]Bart MJ, Harris SR, Advani A, Arakawa Y, Bottero D, Bouchez V, Cassiday PK, Chiang CS, Dalby T, Fry NK, Gaillard ME, van Gent M, Guiso N, Hallander HO, Harvill ET, He Q, van der Heide HG, Heuvelman K, Hozbor DF, Kamachi K, Karataev GI, Lan R, Lutyńska A, Maharjan RP, Mertsola J, Miyamura T, Octavia S, Preston A, Quail MA, Sintchenko V, Stefanelli P, Tondella ML, Tsang RS, Xu Y, Yao SM, Zhang S, Parkhill J, Mooi FR. Global population structure and evolution of Bordetella pertussis and their relationship with vaccination. mBio. 2014 Apr 22;5(2):e01074. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01074-14. PMID: 24757216; PMCID: PMC3994516.
[8]PRESTON NW. EFFECTIVENESS OF PERTUSSIS VACCINES. Br Med J. 1965 Jul 3;2(5452):11-3. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5452.11. PMID: 14305343; PMCID: PMC1845514.
[9]Mooi FR. Bordetella pertussis and vaccination: the persistence of a genetically monomorphic pathogen. Infect Genet Evol. 2010 Jan;10(1):36-49. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.10.007. Epub 2009 Oct 30. PMID: 19879977.
[10]Mooi FR. Bordetella pertussis and vaccination: the persistence of a genetically monomorphic pathogen. Infect Genet Evol. 2010 Jan;10(1):36-49. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.10.007. Epub 2009 Oct 30. PMID: 19879977.
[11]Mastrantonio P, Stefanelli P, Giuliano M, Herrera Rojas Y, Ciofi degli Atti M, Anemona A, Tozzi AE. Bordetella parapertussis infection in children: epidemiology, clinical symptoms, and molecular characteristics of isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Apr;36(4):999-1002. doi: 10.1128/JCM.36.4.999-1002.1998. PMID: 9542925; PMCID: PMC104677.
[12]Long GH, Karanikas AT, Harvill ET, Read AF, Hudson PJ. Acellular pertussis vaccination facilitates Bordetella parapertussis infection in a rodent model of bordetellosis. Proc Biol Sci. 2010 Jul 7;277(1690):2017-25. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0010. Epub 2010 Mar 3. PMID: 20200027; PMCID: PMC2880100.
[13]Pittet LF, Emonet S, Schrenzel J, Siegrist CA, Posfay-Barbe KM. Bordetella holmesii: an under-recognised Bordetella species. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Jun;14(6):510-9. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70021-0. Epub 2014 Apr 7. PMID: 24721229.
[14]Rodgers L, Martin SW, Cohn A, Budd J, Marcon M, Terranella A, Mandal S, Salamon D, Leber A, Tondella ML, Tatti K, Spicer K, Emanuel A, Koch E, McGlone L, Pawloski L, Lemaile-Williams M, Tucker N, Iyer R, Clark TA, Diorio M. Epidemiologic and laboratory features of a large outbreak of pertussis-like illnesses associated with cocirculating Bordetella holmesii and Bordetella pertussis--Ohio, 2010-2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Feb;56(3):322-31. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis888. Epub 2012 Oct 19. PMID: 23087388.
[15]Njamkepo E, Bonacorsi S, Debruyne M, Gibaud SA, Guillot S, Guiso N. Significant finding of Bordetella holmesii DNA in nasopharyngeal samples from French patients with suspected pertussis. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Dec;49(12):4347-8. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01272-11. Epub 2011 Oct 19. PMID: 22012009; PMCID: PMC3233004.
[16]Zhang J, Deng J, Yang Y. Pertussis vaccination in Chinese children with increasing reported pertussis cases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;22(1):21-22. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00752-0. PMID: 34953548.
[17]Matczak S, Levy C, Fortas C, Cohen JF, Béchet S, Aït El Belghiti F, Guillot S, Trombert-Paolantoni S, Jacomo V, Savitch Y, Paireau J, Brisse S, Guiso N, Lévy-Bruhl D, Cohen R, Toubiana J. Association between the COVID-19 pandemic and pertussis derived from multiple nationwide data sources, France, 2013 to 2020. Euro Surveill. 2022 Jun;27(25):2100933. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.25.2100933. PMID: 35748301; PMCID: PMC9229195.