论文快递: 第一百九十四期
编者按
Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百九十四期，将介绍 Urban Studies Online First的五篇论文。主题包括南北城市的排放差距，土地开发权与包容性城市化，住房金融化，民主与地方自治主义，土地利用与自然语言处理，欢迎阅读。
01
The increasing emission divide between cities of the Global North and Global South: Towards adjustable mitigation scenarios at the city level
全球北部和南部城市之间日益扩大的排放差距：在城市层面实现可调整的缓解方案
AbstractThe emission divide between large developed and developing cities is increasing, making it unlikely that the Paris Agreement will be met. Herein, we examine how the 424 largest cities globally, each with one million or more residents, contribute to the global emissions gap and examine the increasing emission divide between developed and developing cities. We find that 302 cities lack emissions data, and the overall emission rate has been increasing at an average of 7.9% per annum. Furthermore, only 31 cities have achieved reductions in the emissions gap, all of which are cities in the developed world. Even though cities are responsible for ∼75% of global CO2 emissions, science lacks practical policies for mitigation where resources are scarce. Accordingly, we propose new policy directions to lessen this divide, and we urge the development of city-oriented mitigation science and practical policies to help cities around the world develop specific mitigation policies based on their economic feasibility.
大型发达城市和发展中城市之间的排放差距正在扩大，《巴黎协定》的目标似乎很难实现。在本论文中，我们考察了全球 424 个大型城市（每个城市都有 100 万以上的居民）， 研究了这些城市在全球排放差距方面起到了怎样的作用，并研究了发达城市和发展中城市之间日益扩大的排放差距。我们发现有 302 个城市缺乏排放数据，总体排放率一直在以平均每年 7.9% 的速度增长。此外，只有 31 个城市实现了排放差距的缩小，这些城市都是发达国家的城市。尽管全球排放的二氧化碳中 75% 都来自于城市，但在资源稀缺的情况下，实际的缓解政策缺乏科学性。因此，我们提出了缩小这种差距的新政策方向，并呼吁发展以城市为导向的缓解科学和实用政策，以帮助世界各地的城市根据其经济可行性制定具体政策。
adaptation, developing cities, environment/sustainability, mission gap, mitigation, policy
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231152846
02
Transfer or retain land development right: The role of China’s IDB programme in supporting inclusive urbanisation
转让或保留土地开发权：中国IDB计划在支持包容性城市化方面的作用
Abstract
This paper evaluates the popularly adopted recent land development programme under ‘increasing versus decreasing balance’ policy in China to boost inclusive development of the urban and rural in the face of rapid urbanisation. We distinguish two types of increasing versus decreasing balance land programmes based on the different ways they manage land development rights and offer qualitative and quantitative evidence of the programme effects on village development and household welfare. We show that both programmes provide rural households with better access to urban-equivalent services and spaces, while different approaches to managing land development rights play different roles in market access and household income. To promote more inclusive urbanisation, governments and rural collectives should balance short-term economic benefits and long-term development potential and adopt proper land management programmes according to their own conditions. Practical policies are suggested for China and other developing regions faced with land use pressures under inevitable urbanisation.
Keywords
inclusive urbanisation, ‘increasing versus decreasing balance’ land use policy, land development rights, rural nonfarm economy
包容性城市化, “增减挂钩”土地利用政策, 土地开发权, 农村非农经济
03
Diasporic capital and the financialisation of housing in Ho Chi Minh City
中介资本与胡志明市住房金融化
AbstractIn recent years, policymakers and development practitioners have focused on the potential of remittances for economic growth. The World Bank projects that remittances will soon outpace overseas aid and foreign direct investment combined in low- and middle-income countries. This article examines how remittances, or what I call ‘diasporic capital’, sustain urban financialisation at multiple scales. Most research on urban restructuring in the financialisation literature has focused on major corporations, management actors and financial markets without considering the specific sources of capital flows. Diasporic capital flow is facilitated through a unique financial architecture and an incoherent regulatory framework distinct from foreign direct investment. Drawing from interviews conducted with government stakeholders, private sector representatives and members of the Vietnamese diaspora, this article examines the actors, motivations, mechanisms, regulations and products that shape and constitute diasporic capital flow. I argue that classical notions of remittances as money supporting the social reproduction of family are outdated and do not reflect emergent forms of diasporic investments in Ho Chi Minh City’s financialised landscape.
摘要
近年来，政策制定者和发展实践者重点关注了汇款对经济增长而言具有的潜力。世界银行预计，在低收入和中等收入国家，汇款总额很快就会超过海外援助和外国直接投资的总和。本文将探讨汇款（我称之为“侨民资本”）如何在多个尺度上支撑城市金融化。在以往关于金融化的研究中，大多数关于城市空间重构的研究都集中关注大公司、管理行为者和金融市场上，而没有考虑资本流动的具体来源。独特的金融架构和与外国直接投资不同的、不连贯的监管框架促进了侨民资本流动。通过对政府利益相关者、私营部门代表和越南侨民的采访，本文审视了影响并构成侨民资本流动的行为者、动机、机制、法规和产品。本文认为，将汇款作为支持家庭再生产的资金的经典概念已经过时，那些概念无法反映胡志明市金融化图景中新兴的侨民投资形式。
Keywords development, diaspora, economic processes, finance/financialisation, globalisation, real estate, remittance
关键词
发展, 移民, 经济过程, 金融/金融化, 全球化, 房地产, 汇款
04
Realising direct democracy through representative democracy: From the Yellow Vests to a libertarian municipalist strategy in Commercy
通过代议制民主实现直接民主：从黄背心到商业中的自由意志地方自治主义战略
Sixtine Van Outryve（比利时鲁汶大学）
首次出版时间：2023/3/15｜研究论文
Abstract
Among the many criticisms carried by the Yellow Vests movement, criticisms related to representative government as a mode of exercising power occupy a prominent place and find resonance within the broader contemporary crisis of representative democracy. In the face of this crisis, the Yellow Vests movement has put forward many alternative propositions for direct democracy. This contribution focuses on the local experiment of assembly direct democracy that has taken place in the municipality of Commercy, a town in the Meuse region of Eastern France, from the beginning of the Yellow Vests movement to the municipal elections of March 2020. The contribution studies the specific strategy the movement adopted, that of running for elections to give power to the assembly that gathers the town residents. As the movement created a form of direct democracy – the assembly – to mark its opposition to representative democracy, and then used the paradigmatic mechanism of representative democracy – the elections – to give power to the assembly, it enables an understanding of how a movement navigated the dialectical relationship between representative and direct democracy in the framework of a libertarian municipalist electoral strategy and the tensions that have arisen in the process.
摘要
在黄背心运动提出的众多批评中，很多批评与代议制政府作为一种行使权力的模式相关，并在当代更广泛的代议制民主危机中得到共鸣。面对这场危机，黄背心运动提出了许多实行直接民主的替代主张。本文着重介绍了从黄背心运动开始到 2020 年 3 月市政选举期间在法国东部默兹地区的科梅尔西 (Commercy) 市进行的地方人民议会直接民主实验。本文研究了该运动采取的具体策略，即竞选以赋予由城镇居民组成的人民议会权力。该运动创造了一种直接民主形式—人民议会，以表明它反对代议制民主，然后使用代议制民主的范式机制—选举，以赋予人民议会权力，它使人们能够理解，在自由意志地方自治主义选举策略框架内，运动如何处理代议制民主和直接民主之间的辩证关系，以及在此过程中产生的张力。Keywordsdirect democracy, (libertarian) municipalism, communalism, popular assemblies, Yellow Vests
关键词
直接民主, （自由意志）地方自治主义, 社群主义, 人民议会, 黄背心
05
Using natural language processing to construct a National Zoning and Land Use Database
利用自然语言处理构建国家分区和土地利用数据库
AbstractIn the United States, zoning and land use policies have been linked to high housing costs and residential segregation. Yet almost all zoning and land use data come from a handful of cross-sectional surveys, which are costly, time intensive, subject to low response rates and measurement error and are quickly dated. As an alternative, we constructed a National Zoning and Land Use Database using natural language processing techniques on publicly available administrative data. We show this new database and our parsimonious measure of exclusionary zoning, the Zoning Restrictiveness Index, to be consistent with the Wharton Residential Land Use Regulatory Index (2018) and the National Longitudinal Land Use Survey (2019). Additionally, we overcome other limitations of these survey approaches, both by capturing previously omitted and important elements of land use policy and by revealing the land use regulations for a near-universe of municipalities in the San Francisco and Houston metropolitan statistical areas. We make all code and data publicly available, allowing the National Zoning and Land Use Database to be replicated in future years to ensure accurate, up-to-date and longitudinal nationwide zoning and land use data.
摘要
美国的分区制和土地利用政策与高昂的住房成本和居住隔离有关。然而，几乎所有关于分区制和土地利用的数据都来自少数横断面调查，这些调查成本高、耗时长、响应率低、有测量误差，而且很快就会过时。所以，我们使用自然语言处理技术对公开可用的行政数据加以处理，另外构建了“国家分区和土地利用数据库”。在本文中，我们展示了这个新数据库，以及我们所采用的排他分区的简效指标，即分区限制指数，该指数与沃顿商学院住宅用地监管指数 (2018 年) 和国家纵向土地使用调查 (2019 年) 一致。此外，通过输入以前遗漏的重要土地利用政策要素，并揭示旧金山和休斯顿大都市统计区几乎所有自治市的土地利用法规，我们克服了这些调查方法的其他局限性。我们公开所有代码和数据，允许在未来几年复制“国家分区和土地利用数据库”，以确保获得准确、最新和纵向的全国分区和土地利用数据。
关键词
住房, 土地利用, 自然语言处理, 分区制
扫码关注我们
微信号｜USJ_online
Urban Studies期刊官方微信公众号