论文快递: 第一百九十五期
编者按
Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百九十五期，将介绍 Urban Studies Online First的五篇论文。主题包括公共艺术与城市基础设施，单户租赁住房，驱逐的类型学，城市通勤与感知安全，土地使用改革与住房成本，欢迎阅读。
01
The ‘kampung formula’: Infrastructural adventurism and public art in Semarang, Indonesia
“甘榜公式”：印度尼西亚三宝垄的基础设施冒险主义和公共艺术
AbstractDescribing the artistic and curatorial work of the Indonesian art collective Hysteria over the last 15 years, this paper considers public art as a practice of devising relations with various urban sites and actors. I focus on Hysteria’s core strategy of organising art festivals and exhibitions in kampungs– working-class urban neighbourhoods – with the aim of creating novel spaces for artistic expression, showing that the kampung serves both as inspiration for artistic experimentation and improvised public space in the absence of proper art infrastructure. Further, kampung space allows economically precarious artists to engage the city, that is, explore its social make-up and uncover economic opportunities. A long-term perspective on Hysteria’s work reveals that activities provide members as well as involved artists with valuable urban knowledge and connections. Turning the kampung into a subject of public art and infrastructure of encounter through what I call the ‘kampung formula’, Hysteria managed to establish itself as a representative of the poor and key interlocutor of urban development agencies, becoming eligible for a number of pro-poor project grants. Describing the relational network of art, kampung and the wider city, I therefore propose to see public art as a kind of ‘infrastructural adventurism’ that provides glimpses into various aspects of both formal and informal economies in the Indonesian city and extracts knowledge and value from marginal urban places.
本文描绘了印度尼西亚艺术团体 Hysteria 在过去 15 年的艺术和策展工作，将公共艺术视为一种与各种城市场所和参与者建立关系的实践。我们重点关注 Hysteria 在甘榜（工薪阶层的城市街区）组织艺术节和展览所采用的核心策略，该策略旨在为艺术表达创造新颖的空间。我们的研究表明甘榜既是艺术实验的灵感来源，也是在适当的艺术基础设施缺席时，临时采用的公共空间。此外，甘榜空间使经济不稳定的艺术家得以参与城市，探索其社会构成并发现经济机会。从长远来看 Hysteria 的工作，我们发现他们组织的活动为成员和参与的艺术家提供了宝贵的城市知识和联系。Hysteria 通过我们所说的“甘榜公式”，将甘榜变成公共艺术和公众接触基础设施的主题， 使自己成功地成为了穷人的代表和城市发展机构的主要对话者，有资格获得一些亲贫项目补助金。因此，基于对艺术、甘榜和更广泛的城市之间的关系网络时的描绘，本文建议将公共艺术视为一种“基础设施冒险主义”，可以让人们对印度尼西亚城市正规和非正规经济的各个方面有所了解，并获取城市边缘地区的知识和价值。因此，我们提出了缩小这种差距的新政策方向，并呼吁发展以城市为导向的缓解科学和实用政策，以帮助世界各地的城市根据其经济可行性制定具体政策。
culture/arts/creativity, infrastructure, kampung, neighbourhood, poverty/exclusion, public space，urban art
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231156016
02
The rise of single-family rentals and the relationship to opportunity neighbourhoods for low-income families with children
单户租赁住房的兴起及其与有孩子的低收入家庭的机会街区的关系
Abstract
Single-family homes make up a significant portion of the rental housing market in the United States. Single-family rentals grew significantly in recent years, especially with the emergence of large-scale investors in the single-family rental market. We investigate if the rise of single-family rentals provides more housing choice for renter families with children, and if a greater number of single-family rentals provides low-income families with children with access to neighbourhoods with high- or moderate-opportunity education. We utilise the Child Opportunity Index to identify low-, moderate- and high-educational opportunity neighbourhoods and, using both binomial and multinomial logistic regression, examine the relationship between the rise in single-family rentals and neighbourhood opportunity access. We find growth in single-family rentals provides more rental alternatives for families with children but does not provide families with children in poverty access to high- or moderate-opportunity neighbourhoods in education. Growth in single-family rentals does provide access to high opportunity for near-poverty families with children (150–185% of poverty), but only when there are few of these kinds of families and when there are large increases in single-family rentals. Our findings suggest that rental burden prevents families with children in poverty from accessing high- and moderate-opportunity neighbourhoods, and the Housing Choice Vouchers programme does not help.
Keywords
Child Opportunity Index，housing choice，neighbourhoods of opportunity，single-family rentals，single family homes
儿童机会指数，住房选择，机会街区，单户住宅租赁，单户住宅
03
Settlement policy in an Israeli mixed city: A typology of displacement and its resistance
以色列混合城市的定居政策：驱逐的类型学及其抵制
AbstractUrban Studies from the Global North highlight the physical displacement of lower-income residents as urban development policies’ central transgression. However, looking only at the class-physical angle of displacement narrows our understanding of other aspects of power relations in space. This research focuses on Israel’s policy encouraging the settlement of middle-class Zionist associations in the city of Lydda. The study argues that in a state of ethnonational conflict, displacement has various manifestations: physical, political, religious, cultural and especially ethnonational. This policy causes long-term residents both hardships and benefits depending on their religious, ethnonational and class affiliations. Therefore, residents express different intensities and patterns of support, ambivalence, or resistance towards the policy. This study suggests a typology of displacement and its implications for different patterns of resistance. Moreover, it calls for scholarly recognition of displacement beyond physical and class aspects.
摘要
发达国家的城市研究主要强调对低收入居民的物质性驱逐是城市发展政策罪行的集中体现。然而，仅从阶级-物质性的角度来看待驱逐会限制我们对空间权力关系其他方面的理解。本论文重点研究以色列鼓励中产阶级犹太复国主义协会在吕大市建立定居点的政策。本研究认为，在存在族群冲突的情况下，驱逐有多种表现形式：物质性的、政治性的、宗教性的、文化性的，还有民族性的驱逐。这项政策给长期居住在该地的居民既带来了困难，也带来了好处，具体因人们的宗教、民族和阶级归属不同而有所不同。因此，居民对该政策表现出程度不一、方式不同的支持、矛盾心理或抵制。本研究提出了一种对驱逐进行分类的方法，及其对不同抵制模式而言的意涵。此外，我们呼吁学术界对物质性和阶级性之外的驱逐加以认识。近年来，政策制定者和发展实践者重点关注了汇款对经济增长而言具有的潜力。世界银行预计，在低收入和中等收入国家，汇款总额很快就会超过海外援助和外国直接投资的总和。本文将探讨汇款（我称之为“侨民资本”）如何在多个尺度上支撑城市金融化。在以往关于金融化的研究中，大多数关于城市空间重构的研究都集中关注大公司、管理行为者和金融市场上，而没有考虑资本流动的具体来源。独特的金融架构和与外国直接投资不同的、不连贯的监管框架促进了侨民资本流动。通过对政府利益相关者、私营部门代表和越南侨民的采访，本文审视了影响并构成侨民资本流动的行为者、动机、机制、法规和产品。本文认为，将汇款作为支持家庭再生产的资金的经典概念已经过时，那些概念无法反映胡志明市金融化图景中新兴的侨民投资形式。
Keywords displacement，ethnonationalism，gentrification，mixed city，resistance，urban policy
关键词
驱逐，族群民族主义，绅士化，混合城市，抵制，城市政策
04
Citizen security and urban commuting in Latin America
拉丁美洲的公民安全和城市通勤
José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal（西班牙萨拉戈萨大学）
Lucía Echeverría（CONICET, 阿根廷）
Alberto Molina（西班牙萨拉戈萨大学）
首次出版时间：2023/3/21｜研究论文
Abstract
Sustainable modes of transport, including both public transit and active transport, have been promoted as strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, one factor that may influence their use is related to security concerns, although prior evidence on this topic is scarce and inconclusive. We explore whether perceived security in 10 large cities in Latin America is related to mode choice for commuting. We rely on the 2017 CAF Survey implemented by the Development Bank of Latin America, where individuals report their levels of satisfaction with neighbourhood security. Our results suggest that individuals who feel more satisfied with their neighbourhood security engage in more public transit commuting, although this result holds only for male commuters. Our results suggest that strategies aimed at increasing security can alleviate concerns about neighbourhood crime, increasing the use of public transit in Latin America.
摘要
可持续交通方式，包括公共交通和主动交通，已作为可减少温室气体排放的战略得到推广。然而，有一个与安全问题有关的因素可能会影响这些交通方式的使用，尽管关于该主题现有的研究成果很少，且尚无定论。我们对拉丁美洲的 10 个大城市的感知安全是否与通勤方式的选择有关进行了研究。我们的研究借鉴了拉丁美洲开发银行的 《2017 年度 CAF 调查报告》，其中有个人对街区安全满意度的报告。我们的研究结果表明，对社区安全更满意的人会更多地乘坐公共交通工具通勤，但这一结果仅适用于男性通勤者。我们的研究结果还表明，旨在提高安全性的策略可以减轻对街区犯罪的担忧，增加拉丁美洲公共交通的使用。Keywordsactive transport，commuting，Latin America，perceived security，public transport
关键词
主动交通，通勤，拉丁美洲，感知安全，公共交通
05
Land-use reforms and housing costs: Does allowing for increased density lead to greater affordability?
土地使用改革和住房成本：允许增加密度会导致更大的负担能力吗？
AbstractWe generate the first cross-city panel dataset of land-use reforms that increase or decrease allowed housing density and estimate their association with changes in housing supply and rents. To generate reform data, we use machine-learning algorithms to search US newspaper articles between 2000 and 2019, then manually code them to increase accuracy. We merge these data with US Postal Service information on per-city counts of addresses and Census data on demographics, rents, and units affordable to households of different incomes. We then estimate a fixed-effects model with city specific time trends to examine the relationships between land-use reforms and the supply and price of rental housing. We find that reforms that loosen restrictions are associated with a statistically significant 0.8% increase in housing supply within three to nine years of reform passage, accounting for new and existing stock. This increase occurs predominantly for units at the higher end of the rent price distribution; we find no statistically significant evidence that additional lower-cost units became available or moderated in cost in the years following reforms. However, impacts are positive across the affordability spectrum and we cannot rule out that impacts are equivalent across different income segments. Conversely, reforms that increase land-use restrictions and lower allowed densities are associated with increased median rents and a reduction in units affordable to middle-income renters.
摘要
针对提高或降低允许胡住房密度的土地使用改革，我们生成了第一个跨城市面板数据集，并估计了这些土地使用改革与住房供应和租金变化的关系。为了生成改革数据，我们使用机器学习算法搜索了 2000 年至 2019 年间的美国报纸文章，然后对其进行手动编码以提高准确性。我们将这些数据与美国邮政服务信息以及人口普查数据合并，前者有每个城市地址的计数，后者有关于人口统计、租金和不同收入家庭的可负担单元的数据。然后，我们就城市在特定时间的趋势，估计了一个固定效应模型，以考查土地使用改革与出租房屋的供应和价格之间的关系。我们发现，在放宽限制的改革通过后的三到九年内，这些改革与住房供应（包括新房和现有存量房）0.8% 的统计显著性增加相关。这种增长主要发生在租金价格较高的单元；我们没有发现任何具有统计意义的证据表明在改革后的几年中有更多低价格单元可以租到或价格进一步降低。然而，在整个可负担的范围内，影响都是积极的，我们不能排除影响在不同收入阶层之间是相同的。相反，增加土地使用限制和降低允许密度的改革与租金中位数增加和中等收入租房者的可负担单元减少相关。
关键词
可负担的住房, 住房, 土地使用, 分区
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