论文快递: 第一百九十七期
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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百九十七期，将介绍 Urban Studies Current Issue的五篇论文。主题包括政府的倒退性收入，社区主导的住房，流动儿童偏见，城市系统的不连续结构，环境贫困与教育机会，欢迎阅读。
01
Regressive revenue sourcing by local governments
地方政府的倒退性收入来源
AbstractEmerging work in fiscal sociology examines the intersection of race/ethnicity, inequality and taxation, and suggests that localities are increasingly turning to nontax alternatives such as fines, fees and forfeitures to fill revenue gaps and service demands. These revenue sources are regressive and discriminatory as they disproportionately affect low-income racially/ethnically minoritised groups. We assess the extent to which local municipalities in California are more dependent on regressive nontax revenue sources, and if increases are correlated with a city’s racial/ethnic composition. We use fixed-effects estimators on panel fiscal data from the California State Controller Office’s Cities Annual Reports between 2002 and 2016 for our analysis. We further exploit our time period to determine how fiscal crises like the Great Recession compound race/ethnicity-driven finance disparities. Our results suggest the proportion of Latinx/Hispanic in a city’s population is positively and statistically associated with an increase in a city’s reliance on fines, fees and forfeitures. These results suggest concerns of discriminatory and regressive revenue sourcing by local governments that further perpetuate racial inequality and poverty. In aggregate, relative to other years in our analysis, the growth rate of fines, fees and forfeitures as a portion of total own-source revenue saw higher increases during the Great Recession, a time of heightened financial insecurity among low-income, Latinx/Hispanic and Black households.
本财政社会学新著审视种族/民族、不平等和税收的交互联系，并表明地方当局正越来越多地采用非税替代品，如罚款、收费和没收物，以弥补财政收入缺口、满足服务需求。这些收入来源具有倒退性和歧视性，因为它们过度影响到低收入种族/民族少数群体。我们评估了加利福尼亚州地方市政当局对倒退性的非税收入来源的依赖程度，以及增长是否与城市的种族/民族构成相关。我们的分析针对2002年至2016年加利福尼亚州州长办公室发布的《城市年度报告》中的面板财政数据，使用了固定效应估计函数。然后进一步利用我们的时段来确定像大萧条这样的财政危机是如何加剧种族/民族驱动的财政悬殊的。研究结果表明，拉丁裔/西班牙裔在城市人口中所占比例与城市对罚款、收费和没收物的依赖程度的增加在统计上呈正相关。这些结果表明，人们担心地方政府的歧视性和倒退性收入来源会进一步加剧种族不平等和贫困。总的来说，与我们分析的其他年份相比，在大萧条期间，作为总自有收入一部分的罚款、收费和没收物的增长率更高，这一时期低收入、拉美/西班牙裔和黑人家庭的财务不安全加剧。
Fines，fees and forfeitures，fiscal crises，fiscal sociology，local government，public finance，race/ethnicity
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221124456
02
Community-led housing: Between ‘right to the city’, ‘actually existing neoliberalism’ and post-pandemic cities
社区主导的住房：在“城市权力”、“实际存在的新自由主义”和后疫情城市之间
Abstract
This paper examines the Self-Managed Housing Program (Law 341), in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This programme created 45 cooperative housing units between 2001 and 2020 in consolidated urban areas currently undergoing renewal processes. It investigates the conditions that the programme has generated for the realisation of the ‘right to the city’ in the context of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’ and challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper analyses the origins of the process and mode of cooperative housing production, including tangible and intangible aspects and capacities acquired by the inhabitants. This study used a mixed quantitative and qualitative methodology. The analytical strategy focused on defining a set of dimensions that characterised the self-managed mode of production, conditions of social and urban insertion in the case studied and participants’ perceptions of the influence of material characteristics and organisational arrangements during the pandemic. This paper contributes to our understanding of the socio-economic dynamics in the production of urban space by elucidating the role of the state and specific tensions arising due to bottom-up policies, specific forms adopted by urban experiences of resistance and their contribution in the promotion of concrete conditions of urban life. Finally, this paper characterises an emergent self-managed urbanism and reflects on its possibilities of dialogue with the construction of alternative local policies that challenge growing territorial inequality caused by the subordination of policies to real estate financialisation and its deepening tendencies in the pandemic context.
Keywords
cooperativism，self-management，neoliberalism，right to the city，COVID-19 pandemic
合作主义，自我管理，新自由主义，城市权利，新冠疫情
03
The effect of meeting opportunities on local urban residents’ prejudice against migrant children in China
会面机会对中国城市本地居民对流动儿童的偏见的影响
AbstractThis article explores the effect of meeting opportunities between local urban and nonlocal residents on locals’ prejudice against migrant children in China by focusing on three contexts: friendships, schools and neighbourhoods. China’s hukou policy creates a boundary between urban and rural residents, which also takes the form of locals and nonlocals in rural-to-urban migration. Urban public schools with a mix of local and migrant students offer a chance to observe the intergroup relationships between local and nonlocal students as well as their parents. Using two waves of data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), this study examines how changes in migrant friend groups, schoolmates and neighbours of local children affect changes in their parents’ prejudice, as seen among a sample of 1630 student-parent pairs. With longitudinal data, this study mitigates the effect of reverse causality between intergroup contact and prejudice. The findings show that parents whose children have more migrant friends have less prejudice, under certain conditions. Additionally, more nonlocal students in a school relates to less prejudice, especially among parents who are more embedded in the school life. Furthermore, local families with low socio-economic status experience an increase in prejudice, potentially due to an increased feeling of threat. Additionally, this article finds that prejudiced attitudes spread through the social networks of children and parents at the school level. This study emphasises the importance of different contexts of meeting opportunities and sheds new light on the generalisability of the (extended) contact hypothesis to the understudied context of Chinese internal migration.
摘要
本文通过关注三个背景：友谊、学校和社区，探讨了当地城市居民和非当地居民之间的会面机会对中国当地人对流动儿童的偏见的影响。中国的户口政策在城市和农村居民之间建立了一条边界，在农村到城市的迁移中，也存在本地人和非本地人的区分。城市公立学校混合了本地和外来学生，提供了观察本地和非本地学生及其父母之间群体间关系的机会。本研究使用来自中国教育小组调查 (CEPS) 的两波数据，考察了移民朋友群体、当地孩子的同学和邻居的变化如何影响他们父母偏见的变化，这是在1,630对学生家长对样本中观察到的。通过纵向数据，本研究缓解了群体间接触和偏见之间的反向因果关系的影响。研究结果表明，在一定条件下，如果孩子有更多移民朋友，父母的偏见会较少。此外，学校中的非本地学生越多，偏见就越少，尤其是那些更融入学校生活的家长。此外，社会经济地位较低的当地家庭的偏见更高，这可能是由于被威胁感增加。此外，本文还发现，在学校一级，偏见态度通过儿童和家长的社会网络传播。本研究强调了不同背景下会面机会的重要性，并为（扩展）接触假设在中国国内移民研究背景下的普遍性提供了新的线索。
Keywords China，contact hypothesis，internal migration，prejudice，social learning
关键词
中国，接触假说，内部迁移，偏见，社会学习
04
Discontinuous structure of regional and subregional urban systems: Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France (1800–2015)
区域和次区域城市系统的不连续结构：法国新阿基坦 (1800–2015)
Aurélie Lalanne（法国波尔多大学）
Shana Sundstrom（美国内布拉斯加大学林肯分校）
Ahjond Garmestani（美国埃默里大学）
首次出版时间：2022/11/6｜研究论文
Abstract
In the prevailing literature in urban economics, conducting research on urban systems at the national scale tends to provide an elegant but reductive approach to the functioning of these systems, assuming, in particular, that city size distributions are continuous. Based on an alternative framework drawing from research in ecology and complex adaptive systems, this article questions this approach by testing the discontinuity hypothesis within regional urban systems in France using two methods and long-term census data (1800–2015). We found that the distribution of city sizes over the 200+ years of population data from the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region was discontinuous for every year of data. The distributions consist of groups of similarly sized cities, separated by gaps (discontinuities) where there are no cities at all. The location and number of discontinuities were conservative over time, suggesting that the processes shaping size classes are conservative and largely independent of societal disturbances such as wars. The two methods used to identify discontinuities were highly congruent. Finally, the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is comprised of three former regions, Aquitaine, Limousin and Poitou-Charentes, each of which also had discontinuous city size distributions with conservative structures over time. The study results question the traditional expectations about the growth and development of urban systems.
摘要
城市经济学的主流文献表明，在全国范围内对城市系统进行研究，往往会为这些系统的运转提供一种简练且简化的方法，尤其是在连续的城市规模分布的情况下。基于一个来源于生态学和复杂的适应系统研究的替代框架，本文通过使用两种方法和长期人口普查数据（1800-2015年）测试法国区域城市系统内的不连续性假设，从而对这种方法提出质疑。我们发现，新阿基坦（Nouvelle-Aquitaine）地区200多年人口数据中的城市规模分布每年都是不连续的。分布图由规模相近的城市组成的群构成，由完全没有城市的缺口（不连续处）分隔。随着时间的推移，不连续处的位置和数量是保守的，这表明影响规模等级的进程是保守的，并且在很大程度上独立于社会干扰，如战争。用于识别不连续处的两种方法高度一致。最后，新阿基坦地区由以前的三个地区组成，即阿基坦（Aquitaine）、利穆赞（Limousin）和普瓦图-夏朗德（Poitou-Charente），一段时间后，每个地区的城市规模分布也变得不连续，结构较为保守。研究结果对城市体系增长和发展的传统期望提出了质疑。Keywordsagglomeration，city size distribution，demographics，method，urbanisation，urban systems
关键词
聚居地，城市规模分布，人口统计学，方法，城市化，城市体系
05
Contextual poverty and obtained educational level and income in Sweden and the Netherlands: A multi-scale and longitudinal study
瑞典和荷兰的环境贫困与获得的教育水平和收入：多尺度和纵向研究
AbstractStudies of neighbourhood effects typically measure the neighbourhood context at one specific spatial scale. It is increasingly acknowledged, however, that the mechanisms through which the residential context affects individual outcomes may operate at different spatial scales, ranging from the very immediate environment to the metropolitan region. We take a multi-scale approach to investigate the extent to which concentrated poverty in adolescence is related to obtained education level and income later in life, by measuring the residential context as bespoke neighbourhoods at five geographical scales that range from areas encompassing the 200 nearest neighbours to areas that include the 200k+ nearest neighbours. We use individual-level geocoded longitudinal register data from Sweden and the Netherlands to follow 15/16-year-olds until they are 30 years old. The findings show that the contextual effects on education are very similar in both countries. Living in a poor area as a teenager is related to a lower obtained educational level when people are in their late 20s. This relationship, however, is stronger for lower spatial scales. We also find effects of contextual poverty on income in both countries. Overall, this effect is stronger in the Netherlands than in Sweden. Partly, this is related to differences in spatial structure. If only individuals in densely populated areas in Sweden are considered, effects on income are similar across the two countries and income effects are more stable across spatial scales. Overall, we find important evidence that the scalar properties of neighbourhood effects differ across life-course outcomes.
摘要
街区效应的研究通常是在一个特定的空间尺度上衡量街区环境。然而，人们越来越认识到，居住环境影响个体结果的机制可能在不同的空间尺度上运行，从非常直接的环境到大都市区域。我们采用多尺度方法，通过在五个地理尺度上测量定制街区居住环境，来调查青少年集中贫困在多大程度上与日后所受教育和获得的收入有关。这五个地理尺度涵盖包括200个近邻的地区到包括20万个以上近邻的地区。我们使用来自瑞典和荷兰的经过地理编码的纵向登记个人数据跟踪研究15到16岁儿童，直到他们30岁。研究结果表明，在这两个国家，环境对教育的影响非常相似。青少年时期生活在贫困地区与20多岁时受教育程度的相关性较低。在较低的空间尺度，两者之间更为相关。我们还发现了在这两个国家环境贫困对收入的影响情况。总的来说，在荷兰，这种影响比在瑞典更大。空间结构的差异是部分原因。如果只考虑瑞典人口稠密地区的人，环境贫困对收入的影响在两个国家是相似的，在空间尺度上对收入的影响更稳定。总的来说，我们发现了街区效应的标量属性在生命历程的不同结果中有所不同的重要证据。
bespoke neighbourhoods，contextual poverty，education，income，multi-scale，neighbourhood effects
关键词
定制街区，环境贫困，教育，收入，多尺度，街区效应
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