论文快递: 第一百九十八期
编者按
Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百九十八期，将介绍 Urban Studies Online First的三篇和Current Issue的两篇论文。主题包括西南亚定居的可持续性，城市安全化的社会空间分析，城市政策与教育流动性，城市外交与经济地理，城市驱逐与失家，欢迎阅读。
01
Long-term trends in settlement persistence in Southwest Asia: Implications for sustainable urbanism, past, present and future
西南亚定居持久性的长期趋势：对可持续城市化、过去、现在和未来的影响
AbstractSouthwest Asia saw the emergence of large settlements in the Early Holocene, and the world’s first urban communities around 6000 years ago, with cities a feature of the region ever since. These developed in diverse environmental settings, including the dry-farming plains of Northern Mesopotamia, the irrigated alluvium of Southern Mesopotamia and the more variegated landscapes of the Levant. In this paper we use a dataset of several hundred sites dating from the earliest large sites around 12,000 years ago to the Classical period (2000 BP), to examine trends in settlement sustainability through time. We use persistence of occupation as a proxy for sustainability and compare settlement trajectories in different land use zones. Comparing cities and settlements at these spatial and temporal scales allows us to address a key question in the New Urban Agendas framework: how urban development can best be supported by sustainable use of land. We find that the highest levels of persistence were not uniformly associated with high agricultural productivity regions, and some of the longest-lived settlements are located in marginal environments, likely at critical points in transport networks. We also find that persistence is enhanced in landscapes which do not require large-scale capital investment or specific forms of economic and social organisation to maintain high levels of agricultural productivity, and that sustainability is inversely correlated with social complexity. Our results show that the millennial timescales available through archaeology can enable us to identify the political, social and ecological conditions required for large centres to persist through time.
西南亚在全新世早期出现了大型定居点，并在大约 6000 年前出现了世界上第一批城市社区，城市从此成为该地区的特色。它们在不同的环境背景下发展起来，包括美索不达米亚( Mesopotamia )北部的旱作平原、美索不达米亚南部的灌溉冲积平原和黎凡特( Levant )更多样的景观。本文利用一个包含数百个遗址的数据集，包括从大约 12,000 年前最早的大型遗址到古典时期（距今大约2000年 ）的遗址，来考查定居点可持续性随时间变化的趋势。我们将居住的持久性作为可持续性的指标，并比较不同土地利用区的定居轨迹。在这些空间和时间尺度上对城市和定居点进行的比较，使我们能够解决“新城市议程”框架中的一个关键问题：如何通过土地的可持续利用给城市发展提供最好的支持。我们发现，最持久的定居点并不一定是农业生产力高的地区，一些最持久的定居点位于土地贫瘠的环境中，且很可能位于交通网络的关键节点上。我们还发现，在不需要大规模资本投资或特定形式的经济和社会组织来维持高水平农业生产力的环境中，持久性得到增强，并且可持续性与社会复杂性呈负相关。我们的研究结果表明，考古学提供的千年时间尺度可以使我们确定大型中心持续存在所需的政治、社会和生态条件。
archaeology, land use, Mesopotamia, persistence, Southwest Asia, sustainability
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231161245
02
Framing urban threats: A socio-spatial analysis of urban securitisation in Latin America and the Caribbean
构建城市威胁：拉丁美洲和加勒比城市安全化的社会空间分析
Abstract
In the context of growing concern with violence in Latin American and Caribbean cities this paper offers an analytical synthesis of urban securitisation which involves the construction of issues, spaces and populations as security threats. The synthesis contributes to debates on urban studies and critical security studies, which focus on neoliberalism as the driver of urban securitisation and militarisation as its main expression, by highlighting the embedded, contextualised and historically situated nature of securitisation and its multiple manifestations. The paper proposes a framework for the socio-spatial analysis of securitisation processes focusing on their causes, manifestations and consequences, while capturing their dialectic relation with cities’ spatial characteristics. Bringing together Lefebvre’s conceptualisation of the social production of space with Wacquant’s analysis of the penal-assistential state, and using secondary sources complemented by primary data from our research, the paper shows that urban securitisation in this region is contingent to four socio-spatial dimensions common to Latin American and Caribbean cities – segregation, territorial stigmatisation, overlapping insecurities and territorial struggles. Using a multidimensional framework, the paper illustrates how unaddressed legacies of colonialism and notions of state power in the context of struggles with criminal actors have driven urban securitisation and diversified its targets and techniques beyond militarisation. Under a securitising logic, programmes which often appear progressive are also shown to prejudice marginalised groups and undermine democratic values. The paper concludes with a call for further multidisciplinary analyses that account for the socio-spatial and historical particularities of contemporary forms of urban securitisation in this and other regions.
Keywords
Latin America and the Caribbean, militarisation, socio-spatial analysis, urban securitisation, urban violence
拉丁美洲和加勒比海地区, 军事化, 社会空间分析, 城市安全化, 城市暴力
03
Change or stability in educational inequalities? Educational mobility and school effects in the context of a major urban policy
教育不平等的变化还是稳定？重大城市政策背景下的教育流动性和学校效应
AbstractUrban areas are facing increasing social inequalities, which governments try to tackle with social policy. This study examines one of the most ambitious urban policies in the history of Dutch policies that aims to increase educational attainment amongst disadvantaged children in one of the poorest areas in the Netherlands. We investigate to what extent inequality in educational attainment based on parental education has changed during the first period of this programme. We further examine to what extent school characteristics affect educational attainment and how these effects relate to targeting disadvantaged areas for policy intervention. Register data on the individual, school and area level were employed to study these issues. We find that the effect of parental education on secondary school attainment has been stable since the start of the programme, indicating that inequality has not decreased in the context of the programme. Furthermore, several school characteristics, including socioeconomic status and retention rate, were relevant in explaining differences in educational attainment. We discuss the implications of our findings regarding the allocation of public resources for policy programmes based on area and school characteristics.
摘要
城市地区正面临着越来越多的社会不平等现象，政府试图通过社会政策来解决这些问题。本研究探讨荷兰政策史上最雄心勃勃的城市政策之一，该政策旨在提高荷兰一个最贫困地区的贫困儿童的受教育水平。我们调查了在这个计划的第一阶段，基于父母受教育水平的子女教育成就的不平等有多大变化。我们进一步研究学校的特点在多大程度上影响了教育成就，以及这些影响与政策干预的目标贫困地区之间的关系。为了研究这些问题，我们采用了个人、学校和地区层面的登记数据。我们发现，自该计划启动以来，父母受教育水平对中学成绩的影响一直很稳定，这表明尽管有了该计划，不平等并没有减少。此外，一些学校的特点，包括社会经济地位和保留率，也是解释教育成就差异的相关因素。我们讨论了我们的研究成果对基于地区和学校特点的政策项目中的公共资源分配而言的意义。
Keywords educational attainment, educational inequality, neighbourhood effects, school effects, urban policy
关键词
教育成就, 教育不平等, 街区效应, 学校效应, 城市政策
04
An economic geography perspective on city diplomacy
基于经济地理学视角的城市外交
Jorn Koelemaij（比利时鲁汶大学）
Sam Taveirne（比利时鲁汶大学）
Ben Derudder（比利时鲁汶大学，比利时根特大学）
首次出版时间：2023/1/11｜研究论文
Abstract
City officials increasingly maintain relations with foreign stakeholders, both public and private, a practice that is generally referred to as city diplomacy. In the past, city diplomacy activities focused on bilateral cultural and knowledge exchanges. Although this type of collaboration still exists, contemporary city diplomacy has become more dynamic and diverse, and increasingly includes an economic dimension. In addition, many cities currently prioritise becoming involved in a variety of multilateral inter-urban networks. Despite wide-ranging conversations on the challenges and opportunities of these new types of city diplomacy, theoretical reflections regarding the underlying processes and the potential consequences remain largely absent from the literature. In this article, we argue that the city diplomacy literature can therefore be enriched by engaging with concepts and debates developed in economic geography in two main ways. We first elaborate on contemporary varieties of urban entrepreneurialism and the extent to which these correspond with city diplomacy practices. We argue that city diplomacy contains elements of both traditional entrepreneurialism and managerialism. Second, we look at city diplomacy through the lens of uneven development, hypothesising that city diplomacy may entail a self-reinforcing effect in terms of enhancing socio-spatial differences between ‘superstar cities’ and ‘places that do not matter’ respectively.
摘要
城市官员越来越多地与公共和私营部门的外国利益相关者保持联系，这种做法通常被称为城市外交。过去，城市外交活动的重点是双边文化和知识交流。尽管这种类型的合作仍然存在，但当代城市外交更加活跃和多样化，并且越来越多地涉及经济维度。此外，许多城市目前会优先考虑参与各种城市多边交往合作网络。尽管人们对这些新型城市外交所面临的挑战和机遇进行了广泛的讨论，但基本没有关于基本过程和潜在后果的理论思考。在本文中，我们认为，通过以两种主要方式对经济地理学中发展起来的概念加以研究，并参与相关讨论，可以丰富城市外交相关的研究。我们首先详细阐述了当代城市创业主义的变体，以及它们与城市外交实践的对应程度。我们认为城市外交既包含传统创业主义的要素， 也包含管理主义的要素。其次，我们通过发展不平衡的视角来看城市外交，假设城市外交可能在加强“超级明星城市”和“无关紧要的地方”之间的社会空间差异方面产生自我强化效应。Keywordscity diplomacy, economic geography, uneven development, urban entrepreneurialism, urban managerialism
关键词
城市外交, 经济地理学, 不平衡发展, 城市创业主义, 城市管理主义
05
Displacement frames: How residents perceive, explain and respond to un-homing in Black San Francisco
驱逐框架：旧金山黑人居民如何感知、解释和回应失家活动
AbstractFew urban phenomena command as much attention as displacement. Scholars continue to refine conceptualisations of displacement to more effectively capture its diversity in forms, scales and temporalities. Recent research advocates a more inclusive conceptualisation, attuned to the processes of ‘un-homing’ – that is, the more subtle, ‘non-catastrophic’ forms of ‘slow violence’ that rupture residents’ phenomenological attachments to place and home. Advocates of the un-homing approach call on researchers to develop the data and analytical frameworks necessary for capturing the perceptions and lived experiences of displacement from the perspective of longtime residents. This article develops one such analytical framework, which we refer to as displacement frames. Building on the conceptual tools of cultural sociology, displacement frames are the evaluative schema through which residents make sense of, and act towards, the slow violence and micro-events of un-homing. Drawing on 32 interviews with long-time Black residents in San Francisco’s rapidly gentrifying Bayview Hunters Point neighbourhood, we identify three primary displacement frames: (1) displacement-by-design, (2) displacement-as-predation and (3) displacing-the-problem. As a product of residents’ historical experiences, networks and housing tenure, these frames simplify complex (and often ambiguous) experiences into a coherent narrative about the primary causes, conditions and consequences of displacement. In turn, displacement frames influence how and to what extent residents attempt to resist, prevent or perhaps even accept and support local displacement.
摘要
很少有城市现象能像驱逐（Displacement）那样引起人们的关注。学者们还在不断完善驱逐的概念化，以便更有效地捕捉其形式、规模和时间的多样性。最近的研究提倡一种更具包容性的概念化，与“失家（un-homing）”的过程相适应—也就是说，以一种更微妙的、“非灾难性”的“慢暴力”形式，割裂居民对地方和家的现象学依恋。失家理论的倡导者呼吁研究人员开发必要的数据和分析框架，从长期居民的角度捕捉他们对驱逐的感知和生活体验。本文开发了一个这样的分析框架，我们称之为驱逐框架。基于文化社会学的概念工具，驱逐框架是一种评估模式，居民可以通过它们来理解慢暴力和失家的微观事件，并采取行动。Bayview Hunters Point街区是位于旧金山的一个迅速绅士化的街区，根据对在此街区长期居住的黑人居民进行的32次采访，我们确定了三个主要的驱逐框架：(1) 按设计被驱逐， (2) 因掠夺而被驱逐，以及 (3) 置换问题 (displacing-the-problem)。作为居民历史经验、网络和住房保有权的产物，这些框架将复杂（且往往模棱两可）的经历简化为关于驱逐的主要原因、条件和后果的连贯叙述。反过来，驱逐框架会影响居民如何以及在多大程度上试图抵抗、阻止或者接受和支持当地的驱逐。
class, cultural frames, displacement/gentrification, poverty/exclusion, race/ethnicity, redevelopment/regeneration, San Francisco
阶级, 文化框架, 驱逐/绅士化, 贫穷/排斥, 种族/民族, 再开发/更新, 旧金山
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