论文快递: 第二百期
编者按
Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百期，将介绍 Urban Studies Online First的五篇论文。主题包括产业集群与品牌建设，父母馈赠与住房不平等，新制度主义下共同财产的产生和划分，古巴的住房商品化，自动驾驶汽车对城市空间规模的影响，欢迎阅读。
01
Bottom-up cluster branding through boundary spanners: The case of the Jingdezhen ceramics cluster in China
通过跨界者自下而上打造集群品牌：以中国景德镇陶瓷集群为例
AbstractIt is increasingly recognised that for clusters to evolve and initiate new developmental paths, they need to bring in various external resources, especially external human capital. However, external talent often has imperfect knowledge regarding distant places; hence, a key challenge for clusters is to overcome this lack of knowledge and unfamiliarity to ensure that external talent becomes aware of the cluster’s local assets and the possibilities for (re)locating there. It is thus important for clusters to engage in cluster branding: that is, to promote its assets ‘outwards’ and to build-up a positive, renowned brand-name. While place branding is already an established theme in urban geography, cluster branding has hitherto been under-examined in the extant cluster literature in economic geography. Moreover, both the well-researched place-branding literature and the limited cluster-branding literature tend to be primarily concerned with official, top-down branding, initiated by government agencies. This article, instead, shows that branding can also involve organic, bottom-up processes driven by the agency of diverse individual actors, working in tandem with governmental actors. Through a case study of an arts and creative cluster, the Jingdezhen ceramics cluster in China, it unpacks how resourceful individual actors – conceptualised as boundary spanners – have become powerful agents in increasing the cluster’s legitimacy and visibility in the relevant industries through their personal networks and mobility, thereby contributing to attracting external talent into the cluster. More specifically, the study identifies three bottom-up cluster branding mechanisms, namely: convening temporary clusters locally; participating in external temporary clusters; and representing through digital media.
人们越来越认识到，集群要想发展和启动新的发展路径，就需要引进各种外部资源，特别是外部人力资本。然而，外部人才往往对遥远的地方缺乏了解；因此，集群面临的一个关键挑战是克服这种知识缺乏和不熟悉的情况，以确保外部人才了解集群的本地资产和迁移过去的各种可能性。因此，集群必须开展集群品牌建设：即向外推广其资产，建立一个积极的、知名的品牌。虽然地方品牌建设已经是城市地理学中的一个既定主题，但在经济地理学现有的集群文献中，对集群品牌建设的研究还不够深入。此外，无论是已经较为丰富的地方品牌建设文献还是仍然有限的集群品牌建设文献，都倾向于重点关注由政府机构发起的官方的、自上而下的品牌建设。相反，本文表明，品牌建设也可以是由多样化的个人行为者发挥自己的作用，与政府行为者合作发起的、有机的、自下而上的过程。通过对中国景德镇陶瓷艺术和创意产业集群的案例研究，本文解读了资源丰富的个人行为者（被概念化为跨界者）如何通过自己的个人网络和流动性，成为提高产业集群合法性和知名度的有力推动者，进而为吸引外部人才进入产业集群做出贡献。更具体地说，本研究发现了三个自下而上的集群品牌建设机制，即：在当地召集临时集群；参与外部临时集群；以及通过数字媒体进行宣传。
cluster, place branding, ceramics, creative industries, China
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231163778
02
Gentrifying with family wealth: Parental gifts and neighbourhood sorting among young adult owner-occupants
家族财富的绅士化：父母馈赠与年轻成年购房者的街区隔离
Abstract
This paper assesses the role of parental gifts in neighbourhood sorting among young adult homebuyers. We make use of high-quality individual-level registry data for two large urban metropolitan areas in the Netherlands. While previous studies have shown that young adults receiving gifts purchase more expensive housing, little is known about the role of gifts in where young adults buy. Our study finds that parental gifts flow into the housing market in a spatially-uneven way. Movers supported by substantial parental gifts are more likely to enter owner-occupied housing in high-status and gentrifying urban neighbourhoods compared to movers without gifts. This study shows that this can only partially be explained by household and parental characteristics and by the uneven distribution of housing values. The remaining effect suggests that parental gifts also play a role in trade-offs regarding spatial residential decision-making. The conclusion discusses the ramifications of our findings for debates on (re)production of class and intra-generational inequalities through housing, and provides avenues for further research.
Keywords
class, displacement, gentrification, housing, inequality, neighbourhood sorting, parental gifts
阶级、驱逐, 绅士化、住房、不平等、街区分类、父母馈赠
03
Delivering common property in Chinese contractual communities: Law, power and practice
在中国合约社区交付共同财产：法律、权力和实践
AbstractThis paper examines how common property is produced and delineated in contractual communities in China. Shanghai, one of the most developed Chinese cities with a burgeoning housing market, is used as a case study. The research analyses the power relations between land, construction and housing departments within Shanghai district governments and with developers, specifically, during the development phases of land leasing, construction permission and ownership registration. Drawing on the theoretical framework of new institutionalism, and its conception of path dependency in urban space, the article sheds light on what has led to the infringement on homeowners’ common property by developers. In a weak legal and regulatory system for property development, the departments within district governments shirk responsibility to each other, whereas developers hold considerable power. The article concludes that common property bears the imprint of power dynamics set in motion in the development phase and thus requires greater recognition.
摘要
本文探讨在中国的合约社区内，共同财产是如何产生和划分的。上海是中国最发达的城市之一，其住房市场欣欣向荣，我们将其作为案例进行研究。本研究分析上海各区政府的土地、建设和住房管理部门之间及其与开发商之间的权力关系，特别是在土地租赁、建设许可和所有权登记等开发阶段。本文借鉴新制度主义的理论框架及其城市空间路径依赖的概念，阐明了是什么导致开发商对业主共同财产的侵犯。在一个薄弱的房地产开发法治和监管体系中，区政府内部各部门相互推诿，而开发商则拥有相当大的权力。本文的结论是，共同财产带有发展阶段的权力动态印记，因此需要得到更多的认识。
Keywords common property, contractual communities, new institutionalism, power relations, urban China
关键词
共同财产、合约社区、新制度主义、权力关系、中国城市
04
Commodifying Havana? Private accumulation, assetisation and marketisation in the Cuban metropolis
哈瓦那商业化？古巴大都市区的私人积累、资产化和市场化
Gertjan Wijburg（比利时鲁汶大学）
首次出版时间：2023/4/24｜研究论文
Abstract
In the Global South, cities are increasingly restructuring themselves around the financial pressures of international capital markets. Therefore, it is sometimes hypothesised that financial innovations created in the Global North are moving ‘South’. However, even though transnational capital is finding its way into Southern regions and other areas of reform, the road towards urban commodification is bumpy and uneven. In Havana, Cuba, the government recently legalised free market home sales, contributing to an unprecedented transnational property boom where many homes were acquired by Cuban émigrés and nationals and converted into restaurants, hotels or short-term rentals. Nevertheless, due to endogenous and exogenous market restraints, the pandemic and complex interactions between state authorities and property-owning private entrepreneurs, Cuban-style commodification remains an incomplete and contested process. Even so, non-debt bearing assetisation pressures are clearly redefining Havana’s socialist property market. While the state encourages foreign direct investment into state-owned hotels and joint ventures, transnational remittances contribute to the commodification of Havana’s private housing stock.
摘要
在全球南方，城市正日益围绕国际资本市场的金融压力进行自我重组。因此，人们有时会推断，全球北方创造的金融创新正在 "南移"。然而，尽管跨国资本正在进入南方地区和其他改革区域，但城市商品化的道路却是崎岖不平的。在古巴哈瓦那，政府最近将房屋买卖自由市场合法化，这带来了前所未有的跨国房地产投资热潮，许多房屋被古巴移民和国民收购，并被改造成餐馆、酒店或短租房。然而，由于内生和外生市场限制、疫情、政府部门和拥有物业的私营企业家之间的复杂互动，古巴式的商品化仍然是一个未完成和有争议的过程。即便如此，非债务资产化的压力显然正在重新定义哈瓦那的社会主义房地产市场。在国家鼓励外商直接投资于国有酒店和合资企业的同时，跨国汇款促进了哈瓦那私人住房的商品化。Keywordscommodification, financialisation, Global South, post-socialism, private homeownership, tourism property
关键词
商品化、金融化、全球南方、后社会主义、私人住房所有权、旅游地产
05
What if autonomous vehicles had been introduced into cities? A counterfactual analysis
如果自动驾驶汽车被引入城市会怎样？反事实分析
AbstractThe impact of autonomous vehicles on the spatial size of cities remains ambiguous, as the future is highly uncertain. This paper uses counterfactual analysis techniques to examine the effects of autonomous vehicles on urban expansion for metropolitan areas in the United States if autonomous vehicles had been introduced before. We argue that distance cost and congestion cost, which are the two components of transportation cost with different effects on urban expansion, should be addressed in autonomous vehicle research. By coupling historical data with hypothetical scenarios of introducing autonomous vehicles to cities, we find that urban expansion, rather than urban densification, would have been the dominant effect if autonomous vehicles had been introduced into cities. The finding indicates that if autonomous vehicles are widely adopted in the future, they are likely to have similar, or even larger, effects on future urban expansion than in the counterfactual past.
摘要
自动驾驶汽车对城市空间规模的影响仍然是模糊的，因为未来高度不确定。本文使用反事实分析技术，研究如果自动驾驶汽车在此前就被引入，其将对美国大都市地区的城市扩张产生的影响。我们认为，作为交通成本的两个组成部分，距离成本和拥堵成本对城市扩张的影响不同，这两个方面都应该被纳入与自动驾驶汽车相关的研究。通过将历史数据与引入了自动驾驶汽车的城市假设场景相结合，我们发现，如果自动驾驶汽车被引入城市，城市扩张，而不是城市密集化，将成为主要的影响。这一发现表明，如果自动驾驶汽车在未来被普及，其可能会对未来的城市扩张产生类似的影响，甚至比其对反事实分析中的过去的影响更大。
autonomous vehicles, counterfactual analysis, density, transportation costs, urban expansion
自动驾驶汽车、反事实分析、密度、运输成本、城市扩张
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