论文快递: 第二百零九期
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Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百零九期，将介绍Urban Studies Online First的四篇论文和Volume 60, Issue 9中的一篇论文。主题包括人力资本、住房供应与城市增长，社会可持续性，非正规住区的延续，居住与教育隔离，城市密度与新冠疫情，欢迎阅读。
01
The impact of human capital and housing supply on urban growth
人力资本和住房供应对城市增长的影响
AbstractWe empirically analyse the impact of human capital and housing supply on urban growth in the US and China. Integrating the heterogeneity of housing supply helps determine how a positive human capital shock translates into more population, higher house prices, or higher wages. To causally estimate this effect, we use a rich urban-level data set, choose our controls using the post-double-selection methodology, and instrument human capital with the per capita number of historical educational institutions. We find that human capital positively impacts urban population, house price and wage growth. While an elastic housing supply reinforces the impact on urban growth, it reduces house price growth and wage growth. Our results infer that human capital increases productivity in both countries and acts as an amenity only in the US.
housing supply, human capital, urban growth, wages
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098023118207
02
Governing capabilities, not places – how to understand social sustainability implementation in urban development
以能力而非地点为中心的治理——如何理解城市发展中社会可持续性的实施
Abstract
Social sustainability’s implementation in urban development is a complex endeavour that demands alternative forms of governance. This article draws on the capabilities approach as an evaluative framework to better understand this implementation process. Through an in-depth case comparison of two Dutch urban development projects, the study analyses how collaborative governance situations (i.e. actors, activities and phases) relate to the expansions of resident capabilities in the urban areas. The findings present three principles for a ‘capability-centred governance’ of social sustainability in urban development: (1) integrate human logic into urban governance situations; (2) balance strong goal commitment with experimentalist approaches; and (3) institutionalise social sustainability implementation. The article concludes that social sustainability’s implementation requires a conceptualisation in which improvements in people’s lives are not seen as the self-evident consequences of a set of place-based policy interventions, but instead as a guiding principle that should continuously be reflected upon and learned from during the different phases of urban development processes.
社会可持续性在城市发展中的实施是一项复杂的工作，需要多种替代治理形式。本文将可行能力方法作为评价框架，以更好地理解这一实施过程。本研究通过对两个荷兰城市发展项目进行深入的案例比较，分析了合作治理情况（即行动者、活动和阶段）与城区居民能力的扩展之间的关系。研究结果提出了城市发展中社会可持续性“以能力为中心的治理”的三个原则：(1)将人类逻辑融入城市治理情况，(2)平衡强烈的目标承诺与实验主义方法，及(3)将社会可持续性的实施制度化。本文的结论是，社会可持续性的实施需要一种概念，即人们生活的改善不应被视为基于地点的政策干预的自然结果，而应作为一个指导原则，在城市发展过程的不同阶段不断反思和吸取经验。
Keywords
capabilities approach, collaborative governance, policy implementation, social sustainability, urban development projects
关键词
可行能力方法、合作治理、政策实施、社会可持续性、城市发展项目
03
The reproduction of informal settlements in Santiago: Housing policy, cycles of repopulation and the ‘politics of poverty’ as a regime of government
圣地亚哥市非正规住区的再生产：住房政策、人口再增长周期和作为政府制度的“贫困政治”
AbstractThis article analyses the persistence of informal settlements in the city of Santiago, Chile, between 1990 and 2018, a period of democratic governments characterised by falling poverty rates and – paradoxically – state efforts to reduce informality by increasing the provision of housing for low-income groups. Based on a qualitative study that includes document analysis and interviews with poor urban residents and governmental actors, I describe one mechanism of informal housing reproduction: the cyclical repopulation of informal urbanisations, that is, the intertwined processes of relocation of informal residents and the reoccupation of settlement sites by new families. In contrast to dichotomous understandings of informality that explain informal housing as produced by residents’ poverty, the article shows that repopulation cycles respond to a regime of government structured around what I call a ‘politics of poverty’, a framework that labels informal settlements as ‘spatial concentrations of poverty’, therefore creating spatial zones of intervention. While this helps the state to target informal settlements as subjects of poverty policies, residents mobilise the policy’s categories to legitimate informal practices.
摘要
本文分析了1990年至2018年期间， 智利圣地亚哥市持续存在的非正规住区的状况。这是贫困率下降的民主政府时期，而且矛盾的是，国家努力通过增加对低收入群体的住房供应来减少非正规性。基于一项定性研究，包括文件分析和对城市贫困居民和政府行为者的访谈，我描述了非正规住房再生产的一个机制：非正规城市化的周期性再生产，即非正规居民的搬迁和新家庭重新占据定居地的交织过程。与解释非正规住房是由居民的贫困产生的二分法理解相反，文章显示，重新居住的周期是对围绕我称之为 “贫困政治 “的政府制度的回应，这个框架将非正规住区称为 “贫困的空间集中”，因此创造了干预的空间区域。虽然这有助于国家将非正规住区作为扶贫政策的对象，但居民却将政策的类别调动起来，使非正规做法合法化。
Keywords housing policy, informal settlements, poverty, urban governmentality
关键词
住房政策、非正规住区、贫困、城市政府性
04
School and residential segregation in the reproduction of urban segregation: A case study in Buenos Aires
城市隔离再生产语境下的居住与教育隔离：布宜诺斯艾利斯的案例研究
Pablo Santiago Serrati（阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯大学）
首次出版时间：2023/06/19｜研究论文
Abstract
The link between residential and school segregation is widely recognised as a key to explaining urban inequalities. However, most studies have focused on countries of the Global North. This paper attempts to identify to what extent socio-economic residential segregation explains secondary school segregation in Buenos Aires (Argentina). Based on a linear programming method, the study proposes a hypothetical pupil allocation model that takes into account the capacity of schools and is used as an ideal typus to compare with the real socio-economic school composition. Using a ‘decompose method’ of segregation differences to analyse the differences in segregation indices and a local segregation analysis, this paper finds that in a residential context with low segregation but high social inequalities, school segregation is a social mechanism that allows maintaining spaces of differentiation and distancing between groups. In discussion with the idea of a ‘vicious circle of segregation’, this article argues for the potential of a multi-domain approach to segregation, to understand how different domains work in articulated and complex ways to reinforce urban segregation.
人们普遍认为居住和教育隔离之间的联系是解释城市不平等现象的关键。然而，大多数研究都集中在北营（Global North）国家。本文试图确定社会经济语境下的居住隔离在多大程度上解释了布宜诺斯艾利斯（阿根廷）的中学教育隔离现象。本研究基于线性规划方法提出了一个假定的学生分配模式，该模式考虑到了学校的容量，并被作为一个理想类型与真实的社会经济学校组成进行比较。本文使用隔离差异的“分解法”来分析隔离指数的差异和进行局部隔离分析，发现在一个隔离程度低但社会不平等程度高的居住环境中，教育隔离是允许维持群体之间的差异空间和距离的一种社会机制。在讨论“隔离的恶性循环”理念时，本文主张采用多领域隔离分析方法，以深入理解不同领域如何以明确而复杂的方式相互作用，从而强化城市隔离的现象。
关键词
布宜诺斯艾利斯（阿根廷）、多领域隔离方法、住宅隔离、学校隔离
05
Compact living or policy inaction? Effects of urban density and lockdown on the COVID-19 outbreak in the US
高密度居住还是政策不作为？城市密度和封城对美国新冠肺炎疫情爆发的影响
Sandip Chakrabarti（印度管理学院）首次出版时间：2022/12/14｜研究论文
AbstractThe coronavirus pandemic has reignited the debate over urban density. Popular media has been quick to blame density as a key contributor to rapid disease transmission, questioning whether compact cities are still a desirable planning goal. Past research on the density–pandemic connection have produced mixed results. This article offers a critical perspective on this debate by unpacking the effects of alternative measures of urban density, and examining the impacts of mandatory lockdowns and the stringency of other government restrictions on cumulative Covid-19 infection and mortality rates during the early phase of the pandemic in the US. Our results show a consistent positive effect of density on Covid-19 outcomes across urban areas during the first six months of the outbreak. However, we find modest variations in the density–pandemic relationship depending on how densities are measured. We also find relatively longer duration mandatory lockdowns to be associated with lower infection and mortality rates, and lockdown duration’s effect to be relatively more pronounced in high-density urban areas. Moreover, we find that the timing of lockdown imposition and the stringency of the government’s response additionally influence Covid-19 outcomes, and that the effects vary by urban density. We argue that the adverse impact of density on pandemics could be mitigated by adopting strict lockdowns and other stringent human mobility and interaction restriction policies in a spatially targeted manner. Our study helps to inform current and future government policies to contain the virus, and to make our cities more resilient against future shocks and threats.
摘要
新冠疫情重新激起了关于城市密度的争论。大众媒体马上将矛头指向了城市密度，认为其是疾病快速传播的关键因素，对紧凑型城市是否仍然是理想的规划目标提出了质疑。之前关于城市密度与疫情之间关系的研究得出的结论不一。本文针对这场争论提供了一个批判性的视角，分析了城市密度替代措施的影响，并研究了强制封锁和其他政府限制措施的严格度对美国新冠肺炎疫情早期累积感染率和死亡率的影响。我们的结果表明，在疫情爆发的前六个月，城市密度与整个城市地区的新冠肺炎感染结果呈一致的正相关。然而，我们发现，不同的城市密度测量方式得出的城市密度与疫情的关系存在适度差异。我们还发现，相对较长的强制封锁时间与较低的感染率和死亡率有关，而在高密度城市地区，封锁时间的影响相对更为明显。此外，我们发现实施封锁的时机和政府应对措施的严格程度还影响新冠肺炎的传播结果，并且影响因城市密度而异。我们认为，针对特定空间，通过采取严格的封锁以及其他严格的人员流动和交往限制政策，可以减轻因为密度而造成的流行病传播的不利影响。我们的研究有助于为政府当前和未来遏制病毒的政策提供参考，并使我们的城市在面对未来的冲击和威胁时更具有复原力。
关键词
建成环境、新冠肺炎、密度、健康、封城、规划、政策
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