学术前沿 | 国际期刊中与“农业生产”相关的文章（上）
启研学社由知名学者担任学术顾问，由高校师生与企研数据科学团队联合组建的，是以大数据资源及相关技术助力中国学术、智库与行业研究为宗旨的研究组织。团队当前的主要目标是挖掘行政、经济与社会大数据资源在经济学学术、智库与相关行业研究领域中的应用价值，以学术研究为标准开展大数据治理研究，努力探索大数据分析技术融入中国经济社会研究的可行进路。
三农大数据·交流社群旨在为三农相关领域学者提供一个交流学习的平台，群内定期分享三农领域前沿资讯。
本文由三农大数据整理，如需转载，请注明来源。人工整理，如有疏漏，欢迎指正！因篇幅所限，本文拆分为上下两篇，下篇见今日推文次条。
1Stability of risk attitude, agricultural policies and production shocks: evidence from Italy
风险态度的稳定性、农业政策和生产冲击:来自意大利的证据[1]
作者：Martina Bozzola,Robert Finger
发表日期：《European Review of Agricultural Economics》,13 September 2020
摘要（中英文） ：This article investigates the stability of farmers’ risk attitude over time.To this end,we estimate responses to changes in agricultural policies and production shocks.We use a unique panel data of over 36,000 Italian farms specialised in cereals,during the period 1989–2009.We find evidence of risk preference changes over time in response to changes in the European Union Common Agricultural Policy and possibly after a drought-induced production shock.
本文考察了农民风险态度随时间变化的稳定性。为此，我们估计了对农业政策变化和生产冲击的反应。我们使用了1989-2009年期间超过36,000个意大利谷物农场的独特面板数据。我们发现了风险偏好随时间变化的证据，其有可能在干旱引发的生产冲击之后，本文可为欧盟共同农业政策变化提供依据。
关键词（中英文） ：time-varying risk attitude;panel data;risk;agricultural policy reforms
时变风险态度；面板数据；风险；农业政策变化
期刊介绍：《European Review of Agricultural Economics》（《欧洲农业经济学评论》）在农业经济与政策类中排名第六，在经济类中排名前四分之一（Q1），是一个创新的理论和应用农业经济学研究的论坛。ERAE致力于在农业和食品生产、消费和贸易、农村发展以及资源利用和保护等广泛的主题范围内平衡覆盖经济问题。具体感兴趣的主题包括农业的多重作用；贸易和发展；食品部门的产业组织；机构动态；消费者行为；可持续资源利用；生物能源；农业、农业环境和农村政策；具体的欧洲问题。
2Time Preferences and green agricultural technology adoption: Field evidence from rice farmers in China
时间偏好与绿色农业技术采用：中国稻农的田间证据[2]
作者：HuiMao,LiZhou,RuiYaoYing,DanPan
发表日期：《Land Use Policy》,October 2021
摘要（中英文） ：Green agricultural technology has the potential to not only alleviate the degradation of soil fertility,but also to improve the agricultural productivity of smallholders.In this paper,taking straw incorporation as an example,experiments were conducted in Chinese villages to directly measure the time preferences of farmers,and an attempt was made to evaluate the contribution of time preferences to farmers’ technology adoption behavior.Furthermore,this research aims to assess the moderating role of production scale between the farmer’s time preferences and technology adoption.This study is a continuation of previous studies on factors influencing green agricultural technology adoption.The results show that time preferences significantly reduce technology adoption;in particular,farmers who are more present-biased have a lower proportion of technology adoption.This is because farmers with lower discount rates are more sensitive to future income.Further analysis indicates that compared with small-scale farmers,large-scale farmers are more likely to adopt green technology.It is posited that this occurs because large-scale farmers will gain more benefits by adopting green agricultural technology,and thus,they will be more sensitive to high profits in the future.Moreover,the increase of production scale can reduce the inhibitory effect of time preferences on farmers’ technology adoption, which means that scale economies play a moderating role between the farmer’s time preferences and their technology adoption.Overall,this research provides a micro foundation and policy recommendations for green agricultural technology promotion and sheds light upon how the government can formulate relevant policies to promote green agricultural development.
绿色农业技术不仅可以缓解土壤肥力的退化，还可以提高小农的农业生产力。本文以秸秆还田为例，在中国农村进行实验，直接测度农民的时间偏好，试图评估时间偏好对农民技术采用行为的贡献。此外，本研究旨在评估生产规模对农民时间偏好和技术采用的调节作用。本研究是对绿色农业技术采用影响因素研究的延续。结果表明，时间偏好显著降低了技术采用;特别是，更偏向于现在的农民采用技术的比例更低。这是因为贴现率较低的农民对未来收入更加敏感。进一步分析表明，与小规模农户相比，大规模农户更有可能采用绿色技术。我们认为，这是因为大规模农民采用绿色农业技术将获得更多的收益，从而对未来的高利润更加敏感。此外，生产规模的增加可以降低时间偏好对农户技术采用的抑制作用，即规模经济在农户的时间偏好和技术采用之间起调节作用。总体而言，本研究为绿色农业技术推广提供了微观基础和政策建议，并为政府如何制定相关政策促进绿色农业发展提供了启示。
关键词（中英文） ：Time preferences;Production scale;Green agricultural technology;Rice farmers
时间偏好；生产规模；绿色农业技术；稻农
期刊介绍：《Land Use Policy》（《土地利用政策》）是一份国际性的跨学科期刊，关注城市和农村土地利用的社会、经济、政治、法律、物理和规划方面。它为来自不同学科和利益集团的思想和信息交流提供了一个论坛，这些学科和利益集团必须结合起来以制定有效的土地利用政策。该杂志通过主要的评论文章和较短的观点文章来研究发达国家和发展中国家的地理、农业、林业、灌溉、环境保护、住房、城市发展和运输方面的问题。
3Microclimate Engineering for Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture: The Case of California Pistachios
农业适应气候变化的微气候工程:以加州开心果为例[3]
作者：Itai Trilnick,David Zilberman
发表日期：《American Journal of Agricultural Economics》,August 2021
摘要（中英文） ：Can farmers adapt to climate change by altering effective weather conditions on their fields? Existing technologies allow farmers to cool down plants by a few degrees during critical periods,reducing the damage from excess heat.With nonlinear effects of high temperatures on yields,slight cooling can bring significant gains in many crops.We call this approach“microclimate engineering”(MCE) and note that it could be useful as a climate change adaptation concept.Our case study deals with California pistachios,threatened by warming daytime temperatures in the winter. A new solution for sunlight reflection,based on products already used in other contexts and crops,could potentially help deal with this challenge.We develop a model to analyze grower choice and market outcomes with MCE for California pistachios.The expected increase in welfare for the period of 2020–2040 is assessed at 0.49–1.42 billion dollars under several scenarios.Simulation results show increases in consumer surplus and total welfare when MCE is available but decreases in aggregate grower profits.We also introduce market power to test its potential effects on the gains from MCE,finding mixed effects.
农民能否通过改变农田的有效天气条件来适应气候变化？现有的技术可以让农民在关键时期将植物冷却几度，减少过热造成的损害。由于高温对产量的非线性影响，轻微降温可以给许多作物带来显著收益。我们称这种方法为“微气候工程”(MCE)，并指出它可以作为一种气候变化适应的概念。我们的案例研究涉及到加州开心果，它们在冬季受到白天温度升高的威胁。基于已经在其他环境和作物中使用的产品，一种新的阳光反射解决方案可能有助于应对这一挑战。我们建立了一个模型来分析使用微气候工程的加州开心果的种植者选择和市场结果。据推算，多个场景中2020-2040年的福利增加额为4.9亿~ 14.2亿美元。模拟结果表明，当微气候工程可用时，消费者剩余和总福利增加，但总的生产者利润减少。我们还引入了市场力量来测试微气候工程对收益的潜在影响，发现了混合效应。
期刊介绍：《American Journal of Agricultural Economics》（《美国农业经济学杂志》）旨在为世界各地的农业和食品经济学、自然资源和环境、以及农村和社区发展等领域的创造性学术工作讨论提供平台。
4Information Inputs and Technical Efficiency in Midwest Corn Production:Evidence from Farmers' Use of Yield and Soil Maps
中西部玉米生产的信息输入和技术效率:来自农民使用产量和土壤图的证据[4]
作者：Jonathan R. McFadden,Alicia Rosburg,Eric Njuki
发表日期：《American Journal of Agricultural Economics》,23 August 2021
摘要（中英文） ：There is increasing interest in how big data will affect U.S.crop production, yet little is known about the field-level effects of“small”(i.e., individual farm) data.We help to fill this void by studying the relationship between Midwest corn production and the information contained in yield and soil maps.Research on this relationship is lacking,perhaps because maps are information inputs that may not enter the production function in a way comparable to conventional inputs.Using detailed USDA survey data,we implement a stochastic frontier analysis to evaluate how mapping technologies influence field productivity.Controlling for farmers' endogenous choice of technologies,we find evidence of direct (frontier-shifting) and indirect (efficiency-enhancing) productivity effects.Depending on model, field output increases by 5.6% or 11.9% as a result of map adoption.Yield maps increase expected efficiency by 8.5%,and soil maps increase expected efficiency by 7.2%,on average.These effects differ by operator demographics,such as years of experience with the field,and structural characteristics,such as whether the field is insured and if it is owned by the operator.Given that yield and soil maps are not universally adopted,our results suggest there remain opportunities to increase productivity through field-level information use.
人们对大数据将如何影响美国的作物生产越来越感兴趣，但对"小型"(即单个农场)数据在田间层面的影响知之甚少。我们通过研究中西部玉米产量与产量和土壤图中所包含的信息之间的关系来填补这一空白。关于这种关系的研究是缺乏的，也许是因为地图是信息输入，它可能无法以与传统输入相比较的方式进入生产函数。利用美国农业部详细的调查数据，我们实施了随机前沿分析来评估绘图技术如何影响田间生产率。在控制农户技术内生选择的基础上，我们发现了直接(前沿转移)和间接(效率提升)生产率效应的证据。根据模型，由于地图的采用，田间产量增加了5.6%或11.9%。产量图使预期效率平均提高8.5%，土壤图使预期效率平均提高7.2%。这些影响因运营商的人口统计数据(如种田的经验年限)和结构特征(如田地是否投保以及是否为运营商所有)而异。考虑到产量图和土壤图并未得到普遍采用，我们的结果表明通过田间信息的使用仍有机会提高生产率。
期刊介绍：《AJAE》全称为《American Journal of Agricultural Economics》，（《美国农业经济学杂志》）旨在为世界各地的农业和食品经济学、自然资源和环境、以及农村和社区发展等领域的创造性学术工作讨论提供平台，最新影响因子为4.082，刊载方向为管理科学-农业经济与政策。
5Missing Women and the Price of Tea in China:The Effect of Sex-Specific Earnings on Sex Imbalance
中国消失的女性和茶叶价格：特定性别收入对性别失衡的影响[5]
作者：Nancy Qian
发表日期：《THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS》,01 August 2008
摘要（中英文） ：Economists have long argued that the sex imbalance in developing countries is caused by underlying economic conditions.This paper uses exogenous increases in sex-specific agricultural income caused by post-Mao reforms in China to estimate the effects of total income and sex-specific income on sex-differential survival of children.Increasing female income,holding male income constant,improves survival rates for girls,whereas increasing male income,holding female income constant,worsens survival rates for girls.Increasing female income increases educational attainment of all children,whereas increasing male income decreases educational attainment for girls and has no effect on boys' educational attainment.
经济学家长期以来一直认为，发展中国家的性别失衡是由潜在的经济条件造成的。本文利用中国毛泽东之后的改革所引起的按性别划分的农业收入的外生性增长来估计总收入和按性别划分的收入对儿童性别差异生存的影响。在男性收入不变的情况下，女性收入的增加提高了女孩的生存率，而在女性收入不变的情况下，男性收入的增加则降低了女孩的生存率。增加女性收入会提高所有儿童的教育程度，而增加男性收入会降低女孩的教育程度，对男孩的教育程度没有影响。
期刊介绍：《THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS》(《经济学季刊》)是英文中最古老的经济学专业期刊。它由哈佛大学经济系编辑，涵盖该领域的所有方面。
6Agricultural productivity convergence in China Author links open overlay panel
中国农业生产力趋同[6]
作者：BinleiGong
发表日期：《China Economic Review》,April 2020
摘要（中英文） ：This article investigates the progress and prospects of agricultural productivity catch-up in China since the rural reform.A model averaging method is employed to jointly consider four productivity estimates,which can better capture the province-specific and non-linear trend of productivity that was estimated with bias in previous literature.This article then utilizes three convergence tests to evaluate whether convergence has occurred and explores channels through which agricultural convergence can be achieved or accelerated. Using three panels at the province,county and commodity levels,this article concludes that agriculture is not on the right track to catch-up,since 23 out of 28 provinces and 19 out of 23 farm commodities fail to converge.However, the productivity gap may diminish in the future if the irrigation,education,public expenditure and structural transformation for lagging provinces can be improved.
本文考察了农村改革以来中国农业生产力追赶的进展和前景。采用取平均的方法对四种生产率估计方法进行联合计算，可以更好地反映以往文献中有偏差估计的生产率的省级非线性趋势。然后，本文利用三个趋同检验来评估是否已经发生趋同，并探讨了实现或加速农业趋同的途径。本文利用省、县和商品三个层面的面板得出结论，农业并没有走上追赶的正确轨道，因为28个省中有23个，23个农产品中有19个，没有趋同。然而，如果能够改善落后省份的灌溉、教育、公共支出和结构转型，未来生产率差距可能会缩小。
关键词（中英文） ：Agricultural convergence;Total factor productivity;Stochastic frontier analysis;Reform and opening up in China;County-level and commodity-level data
农业趋同；全要素生产率；随机前沿分析；改革开放；县级和商品级数据
期刊介绍：《China Economic Review》(《中国经济评论》)最新影响因子为2.736，主要发表关于中国经济及其与世界经济关系的原著。我们特别寻求有关中国经济体制变化、政策和绩效的定量和分析性论文；鼓励对中国与其他国家的发展过程进行比较研究。
7The changing role of agriculture with economic structural change – The case of China
农业角色的变化与经济结构的变化——以中国为例[7]
作者：Yumei Zhang,Xinshen Diao
发表日期：《China Economic Review》,August 2020
摘要（中英文）：We analyze the implication of structural change to the evolving role of agriculture using China as an example. By combining a growth decomposition exercise with Input-Output (IO) and CGE model analyses using China's seven input-output tables (IOTs) in 1987–2017, the evolving role of the agriculture is quantitatively measured. The growth decomposition analysis shows that between 1978 and 2017, China doubled the size of its total labor force, while the absolute number of agricultural workers falls in this period. Rising labor productivity in agriculture has led to rapid agricultural growth without increasing agricultural employment, allowing agriculture to indirectly contribute to the economywide productivity growth through structural change. The measurement of economic integration using an IO approach helps to explain why China's rapid structural change has been accompanied by similar rapid productivity growth within each sector. The general equilibrium effect of structural change on the evolving role of agriculture is further assessed using two CGE models representing the initial (1987) and end (2017) years of a period of 30 years. Similar agricultural productivity shock induces a smaller economywide gain in 2017 than in 1987 in the CGE models, while the gap in the general equilibrium gain between these two years is much smaller than the difference in agriculture's size of the economy in the two years because of stronger linkages between agriculture and the rest of the economy in 2017. About 0.5 unit additional nonagricultural value-added is associated with a unit agricultural value-added increase in 1987, while additional gains in nonagricultural value-added rise to 2.7 unit in our analysis of economic integration and implication of structural change to the evolving role of agriculture emphasizes the supply side role for sustainable growth in which agriculture continues to play an important but different role from the past when the demand side effects were stronger. Policies to strengthen supply side linkages have been emphasized in the recent years in China. Exploring further integration between agriculture and the rest of the economy should be part of the new growth strategy.
本文以中国为例，分析了结构变化对农业角色演变的影响。通过将增长分解与投入产出(IO)和CGE模型相结合，利用中国1987-2017年的7个投入产出表(IOTs)，定量衡量了农业的演变作用。增长分解分析表明，1978年至2017年中国劳动力总量翻了一番，而农业劳动力绝对数量在此期间有所下降。农业劳动生产率的提高导致了农业的快速增长，但没有增加农业就业，使农业通过结构变化间接促进了整个经济的生产率增长。利用投入产出方法来衡量经济一体化，有助于解释为什么中国快速的结构变化同时伴随着各部门生产率的快速增长。利用代表30年期间初始(1987年)和结束(2017年)的两个CGE模型进一步评估了结构变化对农业角色演变的一般均衡效应。在CGE模型中，类似的农业生产率冲击导致2017年的整体经济收益小于1987年，由于2017年农业和其他经济部门之间的联系更加紧密，这两年的一般均衡收益差距远远小于这两年农业经济规模的差距。1987年1个单位农业增加值额外导致非农部门产出增加约0.5个单位，2017年1个单位农业增加值增加约2.7个单位。我们对经济一体化和农业结构变化对农业角色演变影响的分析强调了可持续增长的供给侧作用，在这一作用中农业继续发挥着重要的作用，但与过去的需求侧作用更强时不同。近年来，中国一直在强调加强供给侧联系的政策。探索农业与其他经济领域的进一步融合，应该成为新的增长战略的一部分。
关键词（中英文） ：Structural change;Agriculture;General equilibrium model;China
结构改革；农业；一般均衡模型；中国
期刊介绍：《China Economic Review》(《中国经济评论》)最新影响因子为2.736，主要发表关于中国经济及其与世界经济关系的原著。我们特别寻求有关中国经济体制变化、政策和绩效的定量和分析性论文；鼓励对中国与其他国家的发展过程进行比较研究。
8EU milk quota abolition, dairy expansion, and greenhouse gas emissions
取消欧盟牛奶配额，扩大奶制品市场，排放温室气体[8]
作者：Doris Läpple,Colin A. Carter,Cathal Buckley
发表日期：《AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS》 ,10 August 2021
摘要（中英文）：This article explores therelationship among farm-level productivity growth, scale, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity during a time period of significant agricultural policy change affecting Ireland's dairy industry. Specifically, we focus on the 2015 EU milk quota abolition, which initiated major dairy expansion in Ireland. We use a representative sample of Irish dairy farms from 2000 to 2017, that includes data on farm specific GHG emissions. Based on this detailed farm level panel data set, we estimate productivity with a control function approach. We then apply fixed effects and dynamic panel data methods to explore the implications of productivity and scale on GHG emission intensity. Our findings indicate that increased productivity is negatively associated with GHG emission intensity, which changes with distinct milk quota abolition phases. Overall, our findings are important for understanding the relationship between policy reforms and GHG emissions in agriculture, and how to improve agricultural mitigation strategies.
本文探讨了在影响爱尔兰乳业的重大农业政策变化期间，农场生产力水平增长、规模和温室气体排放强度之间的关系。具体来说，我们关注的是2015年欧盟取消牛奶配额，这开启了爱尔兰乳制品业的大规模扩张。我们使用了2000年至2017年爱尔兰奶牛场的代表性样本，其中包括农场特定温室气体排放的数据。基于这个详细的农场水平面板数据集，我们用控制函数方法估计生产率。然后，我们应用固定效应和动态面板数据方法探讨生产力和规模对温室气体排放强度的影响。研究结果表明，生产率的提高与温室气体排放强度呈负相关，这一变化与不同的牛奶配额废除阶段有关。总的来说，我们的研究结果对于理解政策改革与农业温室气体排放之间的关系以及如何改进农业减排战略具有重要意义。
关键词（中英文） ：dairy farming;EU milk quotas;greenhouse gas emissions;productivity
奶牛养殖；欧盟牛奶配额；温室气体排放；生产率
期刊介绍：《AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS》，最新影响因子为2.585，刊载方向为农业经济与政策，主题涵盖从消费和营养到土地使用和环境，从农户到市场和宏观经济的各个分析规模。本刊物旨在世界各地传播学科最重要的研究结果和政策分析。
9Gauging the impact of Ethiopia’s productive safety net programme on agriculture: Application of targeted maximum likelihood estimation approach
衡量埃塞俄比亚生产安全网方案对农业的影响:有针对性的最大似然估计方法的应用[9]
作者：Bezawit Adugna Bahru,Manfred Zeller
发表日期：《Journal of agricultural economics》 ,23 July 2021
摘要（中英文）：The Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) is Ethiopia's poverty reduction strategy that forms the most important pillar of the country's agricultural transformation into a more productive and competitive sector. However, the extent to which the PSNP is linked to agriculture is unclear. This paper evaluates the impact of the PSNP on a range of agricultural outcomes. We use data from the Living Standard Measurement Study—Integrated Survey on Agriculture and apply the targeted maximum likelihood estimation method. We find no evidence that PSNP participation improved technology adoption, time spent in agriculture, household-level access to agricultural services, or women's control over agricultural assets. However, PSNP participation increased access to credit, the share of non-farm income, hours spent on casual work, community access to irrigation water, ownership of agricultural tools, community service in crop and livestock production, natural resource management, and access to credit. We also observe that PSNP households have a lower level of endowments compared to non-PSNP households. Given the observed lack of impact on household-level agricultural outcomes, we recommend integrating household-level interventions, such as increasing the transfer size and provision of productive assets, that could lift household endowments above an asset threshold that would allow the productive use of community assets. This may boost the productive impact of the PSNP at the household level, facilitate agricultural development and economic growth. To generate additional insights, we recommend further research with sufficient data on the causal pathways between safety nets and agriculture.
生产安全网计划(PSNP)是埃塞俄比亚的减贫战略，是该国农业转型为更有生产力和竞争力部门的最重要支柱。然而，生产安全网计划在多大程度上与农业有关尚不清楚。本文评估了生产安全网对一系列农业成果的影响。我们使用生活水平度量研究——农业综合调查的数据，并应用目标极大似然估计方法。我们没有发现任何证据表明生产安全网计划的参与改善了技术采用、农业花费时间、家庭单位获得农业服务或妇女对农业资产的控制。然而，生产安全网计划的参与增加了获得信贷的机会、非农业收入的份额、用于临时工作的小时数、社区获得灌溉用水的机会、农业工具的所有权、在作物和牲畜生产方面的社区服务、自然资源管理以及获得信贷的机会。我们还观察到，与没有参加生产安全网计划的家庭相比，参加生产安全网计划的家庭的财富状况较差。鉴于观察到的对家庭层面农业成果缺乏影响这一事实，我们建议整合家庭层面的干预措施，例如增加生产性资产的转移规模和供给，这可以将家庭财富提高到允许对社区资产进行生产性使用的资产阈值之上。这可能会提高生产安全网计划在家庭层面的生产性影响，促进农业发展和经济增长。为了获得更多的见解，我们建议用足够的数据进一步研究安全网和农业之间的因果路径。
关键词（中英文） ：agriculture;causal inference;productive impact;productive safety net programme;targeted maximum likelihood estimation;technology adoption
农业；因果推断；生产的影响；生产安全网方案；有针对性的最大似然估计；技术采用
期刊介绍：《Journal of agricultural economics》（《农业经济学杂志》）是国际领先的专业期刊，为农业经济学和相关学科(如统计学、市场营销、企业管理、政治学、历史学和社会学)的研究，以及农业、食品和相关行业问题的应用提供论坛;农村社区和环境.影响因子3.581。
10Do Chinese farmers benefit from farmland leasing choices? Evidence from a nationwide survey
中国农民是否受益于农地租赁选择？来自全国调查的证据[10]
作者：Baoling Zou,Ashok K. Mishra,Biliang Luo
发表日期：《AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS》 ,01 December 2019
摘要（中英文） ：Using China Family Panel Studies (CFPS),this study investigates factors associated with the choice of farmland leasing strategies and the impact of leasing options on farm performance.Particular attention is given to off-farm employment and farm subsidies. Additionally,the study applies a selectivity-based approach to assess the relationship between farmland leasing choices and farm businesses’ performance.Off-farm employment,older and educated operators, large farms and old-age pension plans increase the likelihood of leasing out farmland.Part-time off-farm employment,grain subsidies and mechanised farms increase the likelihood of leasing in farmland.Finally,the selectivity correction terms in the value of crop production are significantly negative in the choices of farmland leasing,indicating the presence of sample selection effects.Accounting for selectivity is essential to ensure unbiased and consistent estimates.
本研究采用中国家庭面板研究（CFPS），探讨农地租赁策略选择的相关因素及其对经营绩效的影响，其中特别注意了非农就业和农业补贴的影响。此外，本研究采用选择性的方法评估农地租赁选择与农地经营绩效之间的关系。非农就业、老年和受过教育的经营者、大型农场和养老计划增加了出租农田的可能性。兼职非农就业、粮食补贴和机械化农场增加了租赁农田的可能性。最后，在农地租赁选择中，作物产量值的选择性校正项显著为负，表明存在样本选择效应。考虑选择性对于确保无偏和一致的估计至关重要。
关键词（中英文） ：farmland leasing;value of crop production;Telectivity correction;Bourguignon-Fournier-Gurgand method
农地租赁；作物生产价值；选择性纠正；Bourguignon-Fournier-Gurgand方法
期刊介绍：《AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS》（《澳大利亚农业和资源经济学杂志 》）（AARES），最新影响因子为1.386，刊载方向为管理科学、农业经济与政策。
11Poverty reduction through land transfers? The World Bank’s titling reforms and the making of “subsistence” agriculture
通过土地转让减少贫困？世界银行的领衔改革和“自给自足”农业的形成[11]
作者：MihaiVarga
发表日期：《Word Development》,November 2020
摘要（中英文） ：The World Bank emphasizes land reform as a key pro-poor intervention,expecting the transfer of land to the rural poor to trigger a straight transition from poverty and subsistence to entrepreneurial and commercial smallholder farming.This article asks how and why World Bank prescriptions change in response to developments on the ground that contradict initial expectations,to show that the transition to commercialization is hardly a straight one,as it involves contradictory elements.It builds on an analysis of close to twenty years of World Bank reports on land reform in four post-communist countries to show how and why the transfer of land and commercialization end up contradicting rather than mutually supporting each other.The analysis shows that as a result of this contradiction,WB-inspired policies prioritize commercialization over poverty reduction, and their underlying understanding of poverty has changed from poverty as lack of farmland to poverty as lack of alternatives to farming.For the World Bank the problem in these countries is not so much the failure of having pro-poor results,but the decreasing control over smallholders,perceived to have responded to “insufficient” reforms by withdrawing from “markets” into “subsistence”.Yet the analysis further suggests that even though presently seen as a sign of underdevelopment,the “subsistence” capacity of local populations following land transfers was in earlier reports encouraged as it was believed to have the effect of supporting the commercialization of the sector and relieving welfare systems.This aspect of reforms is now relatively rarely mentioned and “subsistence” is assumed to be an effect of anything but reforms,cast instead as a sign of insufficient market creation.
世界银行强调，土地改革是一项重要的扶贫干预措施，希望向农村贫困人口转让土地能引发从贫困和维持生计到创业和经商小农场主农业的直接转变。本文探讨了世界银行如何以及为什么要根据与最初预期相矛盾的发展而改变政策方针，从而表明向商业化的过渡很难是直接的，因为它涉及相互矛盾的因素。它建立在世界银行对四个后共产主义国家近20年土地改革报告的分析基础上，揭示了土地转让和商业化如何以及为什么最终会相互矛盾而不是相互支持。分析表明，由于这一矛盾，由世界银行推动的政策将商业化置于减贫之上，其对贫困的基本理解也从缺乏耕地的贫困转变为缺乏农业替代品的贫困。在世界银行看来，这些国家的问题与其说是未能取得扶贫的结果，不如说是对小农控制的减少，被认为小农通过从“市场”退出到“维持生计”来应对“不充分的”改革。然而，进一步的分析表明，尽管“维持生计”目前被视为不发达的标志，当地居民的“维持生计”能力之下的土地转让由于被认为支持部门的商业化和缓和福利系统的影响是在早先的报告中被鼓励进行。改革的这一方面现在相对很少被提及，“维持生计”被认为是除了改革之外的任何结果，作为是市场创造不足的标志。
关键词（中英文） ：World Bank;Poverty;Land reform;Subsistence;Smallholders;Post-communist Europe and Central Asia
世界银行；贫困；土地改革；维持生计；小农场主；后共产主义的欧洲和中亚
期刊介绍：《Word Development》（《世界发展》）是一份多学科发展研究月刊。它通过研究以下问题的可能解决方案来寻求提高生活水平和一般人类状况的方法:贫穷、失业、营养不良、疾病、缺乏住房、环境退化、科技资源不足、贸易和付款不平衡、国际债务、性别和种族歧视、军国主义和国内冲突以及民众缺乏参与经济和政治生活。影响因子5.278。
12Revisiting the Farm Size-Productivity Relationship Based on a Relatively Wide Range of Farm Sizes:Evidence from Kenya
基于较大的农场的农场规模与生产力的关系:来自肯尼亚的证据[12]
作者：Milu Muyanga,T S Jayne
发表日期：《American Journal of Agricultural Economics》,25 March 2019
摘要（中英文） ：This paper revisits the inverse farm size-productivity relationship in Kenya.The study makes two contributions.First,the relationship is examined over a much wider range of farm sizes than most studies,which is particularly relevant in Africa given the recent rise of medium- and large-scale farms. Second,we test the inverse relationship hypothesis using three different measures of productivity including profits per hectare and total factor productivity,which are arguably more meaningful than standard measures of productivity such as yield or gross output per hectare.We find a U-shaped relationship between farm size and all three measures of farm productivity.The inverse relationship hypothesis holds on farms between zero and 3 hectares.The relationship between farm size and productivity is relatively flat between 3 and 5 hectares.A strong positive relationship between farm size and productivity emerges within the 5 to 70 hectare range of farm sizes.Across virtually all measures of productivity, farms between 20 and 70 hectares are found to be substantially more productive than farms under 5 hectares.When the analysis is confined to fields cultivated to maize (Kenya's main food crop) the productivity advantage of relatively large farms stems at least partially from differences in technical choice related to mechanization, which substantially reduces labor input per hectare, and from input use intensity.
本文回顾了肯尼亚农场规模与生产力的反比关系。这项研究有两个贡献。首先，比大多数研究更广泛地考察了农场规模的关系，因为最近中型和大型农场的兴起，使得这种关系在非洲尤其重要。其次，我们使用三种不同的生产力衡量标准来检验逆关系假设，包括每公顷利润和全要素生产率，这可能比生产率的标准衡量标准（如产量或每公顷总产量）更有意义。我们发现农场规模和农场生产率的所有三个指标之间呈u形关系。相反的关系假设适用于0 - 3公顷的农场。农场规模和生产力之间的关系在3到5公顷之间相对平缓。在5 - 70公顷的农场规模范围内，农场规模与生产力之间呈现出强烈的正相关关系。从几乎所有的生产率衡量标准来看，20 - 70公顷的农场的生产率要远远高于5公顷以下的农场。当分析仅限于种植玉米(肯尼亚的主要粮食作物)的农田时，相对大型农场的生产率优势至少部分源于与机械化相关的技术选择差异，而其大大减少了每公顷的劳动力投入，以及投入使用强度。
关键词（中英文） ：Africa;agriculture;farm size;inverse relationship;Kenya;medium-scale farms;productivity
非洲；农业；农场规模；反比关系；肯尼亚；中等规模农场；生产力
期刊介绍：《AJAE》全称为《American Journal of Agricultural Economics》（《美国农业经济学杂志》），最新影响因子为4.082，刊载方向为管理科学-农业经济与政策。
13Money Matters:The Role of Yields and Profits in Agricultural Technology Adoption
收入的重要性：产量和利润在农业技术采用中的作用[13]
作者：Jeffrey D. Michler,Emilia Tjernström,Simone Verkaart,Kai Mausch
发表日期：《American Journal of Agricultural Economics》,23 July 2018
摘要（中英文） ：Despite the growing attention to technology adoption in the economics literature,knowledge gaps remain regarding why some valuable technologies are rapidly adopted,while others are not.This paper contributes to our understanding of agricultural technology adoption by showing that a focus on yield gains may,in some contexts,be misguided.We study a technology in Ethiopia that has no impact on yields,but that has nonetheless been widely adopted. Using three waves of panel data,we estimate a correlated random coefficient model and calculate the returns to improved chickpea in terms of yields,costs,and profits.We find that farmers'comparative advantage does not play a significant role in their adoption decisions and hypothesize that this is due to the overall high economic returns to adoption,despite the limited yield impacts of the technology.Our results suggest economic measures of returns may be more relevant than increases in yields in explaining technology adoption decisions.
尽管经济学文献对技术应用的关注越来越多，但关于为什么一些有价值的技术被迅速采用，而另一些却没有，人们对其的认识仍然不够充分。这篇论文有助于加深我们对农业技术采用的理解，它表明，在某些情况下，人们关注产量收益可能会被误导。我们在埃塞俄比亚研究了一项技术，它对产量没有影响，但却被广泛采用。利用三波面板数据，我们估计了一个相关随机系数模型，并根据产量、成本和利润计算改良鹰嘴豆的效果。我们发现，农民的比较优势在他们的采用决策中没有发挥重要作用，并假设这是由于尽管该技术对产量的影响有限，但采用该技术的整体经济回报较高。我们的结果表明，在解释技术采用决策时，收益的经济衡量可能比收益的增长对其的影响更大。
关键词（中英文） ：Technology adoption;heterogeneity;correlated random coefficients;Ethiopia
技术采用；异质性；相关随机系数；埃塞俄比亚
期刊介绍：《AJAE》全称为《American Journal of Agricultural Economics》（《美国农业经济学杂志》），最新影响因子为4.082，刊载方向为管理科学-农业经济与政策。
友情链接
风险态度的稳定性、农业政策和生产冲击:来自意大利的证据: 文献链接：https://academic.oup.com/erae/article/48/3/477/5904491；PDF:https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaa021
[2]时间偏好与绿色农业技术采用：中国稻农的田间证据: 文献链接：https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837721003501
[3]农业适应气候变化的微气候工程:以加州开心果为例: 文献链接：https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12202；PDF：https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12202
[4]中西部玉米生产的信息输入和技术效率:来自农民使用产量和土壤图的证据: 文献链接：https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12251
[5]中国消失的女性和茶叶价格：特定性别收入对性别失衡的影响: 文献链接：https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.3.1251;PDF：misswomen_qjefinal_20080311.dvi(northwestern.edu)
[6]中国农业生产力趋同: 文献链接：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101423；PDF:https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101423
[7]农业角色的变化与经济结构的变化——以中国为例: 文献链接：https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043951X20301012；PDF:https://sci-hub.ru/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101504
[8]取消欧盟牛奶配额，扩大奶制品市场，排放温室气体: 文献链接：https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/agec.12666；PDF：https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12666
[9]衡量埃塞俄比亚生产安全网方案对农业的影响:有针对性的最大似然估计方法的应用: 文献链接：https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12452;PDF：https://sci-hub.se/10.1111/1477-9552.12452
[10]中国农民是否受益于农地租赁选择？来自全国调查的证据: 文献链接：https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8489.12354；PDF：https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12354
[11]通过土地转让减少贫困？世界银行的领衔改革和“自给自足”农业的形成: 文献链接：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105058
[12]基于较大的农场的农场规模与生产力的关系:来自肯尼亚的证据: 文献链接：https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1093/ajae/aaz003
[13]收入的重要性：产量和利润在农业技术采用中的作用: 文献链接：https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1093/ajae/aay050
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