孔院微课堂 | 大寒：雪花静落梅花开

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冬牧（水彩画）熊礼斌

dà

大

hán

寒

Dahan

大寒是二十四节气中最后一个节气。

Dahan, which means Major Cold, is the last one of the 24 solar terms.

摄影｜邢军

二十四节气中的中国文化之大寒

解说词

大寒是二十四节气中最后一个节气。与大寒相关的民俗活动丰富有趣，祭灶神、尾牙祭、喝腊八粥等。

“寒”字的构造，从古至今基本没有太大变化：宝盖头代表房屋，最下边两点意味着冰天雪地，中间的部分则象征一个人依偎着茅草取暖。

中国艺术讲求书画一体，造字与绘画，都在追求与自然万物融为一体，天人合一。有的画家们喜爱以乡土为背景来表现大寒节气。王太利的《地坑院的晚冬》以深沉的暖色为基调，画中人蜷缩的憨态诠释了画面的温度。此外，地坑院在中国已经有数千年历史，又称“天井院”“地下四合院”，是仰韶文明的符号。

冬日里的鸟儿最为人们所喜闻乐见。周中耀的《冬容》里，精勾微描的两只鸟儿相互依偎，栖息在石头上，羽毛的红、积雪的白与芭蕉的黄共同构建起充满诗意的深冬景致。

晚冬（油画）宋荣耀

任重的《雪竹幽禽》展示了绢本材质的细密精致，画中鸟儿纤毫毕现，神情安然，在雪竹的映衬下趣味十足。吴向东的《大寒小寒又一年》和宋荣耀的《晚冬》都是以雪景入画，积雪覆盖了大地的冻土和村屋的砖墙，但随着雪的升华，冻土的棱角与坚实的砖墙，似乎显露出一种被寒风“削”出来的锋利，而油画则格外擅长表现这种层次感。

雪竹幽禽（中国画）任重

还有的画家，则用写实的绘画来抒发对时间的哲思。有学者认为，“渔樵”和“山水”是解读中国传统文化的一个密码。刘金贵的《大寒》，孤舟独叟、红梅冬雪，寥寥数笔便把一江寒意化为思古的幽怀。老树的《大寒》布局疏朗、用色温和，未合上的书卷、未交代的时分，这幅画传递出了另一种对时间的感悟：天地虽然萧瑟，春风快要吹来。看着雪花静落，等着梅花绽开。

Chinese Culture in the 24 Solar Terms: Dahan

Narratage

Dahan, which means Major Cold, is the last one of the 24 solar terms. There are many interesting folk activities related to this solar term, such as offering sacrifices to the god of kitchen and god of land, and drinking porridge with mixed ingredients. 

The structure of the Chinese character Han, which means cold, has not changed much since ancient times, with its top part representing a house, the bottom two points standing for ice and snow, and the middle part symbolizing a person leaning on the thatch to keep warm.

Chinese art is known for blending calligraphy and painting. Both calligraphy and painting seek to portrait unity of human and nature. Some painters like to depict Major Cold with rural scenes. In his painting Late Winter in the Sunken Cave House, Wang Taili uses deep warm colors and shows a crouching person to indicate the cold in winter. The sunken cave houses have a history of several thousand years in China. Known as sunken quadrangle, they are a symbol of rural dwellings in early China.

摄影｜邢军

People love to see birds in winter. In Zhou Zhongyao's painting Winter Scene, two lovely birds perching upon the stone snuggle up to each other. The red feathers and the yellow bananas against white snow create a poetic scene of late winter.

Bamboo and Birds in the Snow by Ren Zhong is painted on delicate silk paper. The birds in the painting, standing quietly on the snowy bamboo, are true to life. Wu Xiangdong’s painting Major Cold Heralds a New Year and Song Rongyao's Late Winter both depict scenes of snow, with snow covering the frozen ground and the brick walls of village houses. Oil painting is good at depicting a multi-dimensional scene, a scene in which the edges of frozen ground and brick walls pierce through snow as if carved out by the cold wind. 

摄影｜邢军

Other painters express their understanding of time with paintings of realistic styles. Some scholars believe that fishing, wood-cutting, mountains and rivers are key to understanding the traditional Chinese culture. In Liu Jingui's painting Major Cold, a lonely old man sits in a boat on a cold river against the background of red plum and white snow, evoking nostalgia. In Major Cold, a painting by Lao Shu, the layout is simple, and gentle colors are used. The half-closed scroll book and unidentified time-setting convey another understanding of the passage of time: Although the winter day is still bleak, spring is on its way. It’s a good time to watch the snowflakes falling quietly and wait for plums to bloom.

Time flies. The solar term Major Cold indicates that the chilly winter will soon be over, and a new year will take its place.

春雨惊春清谷天，夏满芒夏暑相连

秋处露秋寒霜降，冬雪雪冬小大寒

大寒是二十四节气中的最后一个节气

过了大寒，又将迎来新一年的节气轮回……

让我们一起等待春天　等待四季吧

内容转自：光明日报&中国传媒大学

作者：张燕

美术编辑：彭林萱（实习）

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