惠立幼儿发展指南 | 风险评估，让孩子们成为探索的“拥有者” Effective risk assessment
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你还记得《海底总动员》里的小丑鱼爸爸，马林吗？最初，他是大堡礁里远近闻名的“胆小鬼”，他把保护自己的儿子尼莫看得比生命还重要，处处谨慎，时刻担心着尼莫的安危。你也许会在他身上看到家长的缩影：因为我们如此热烈地爱着孩子，所以就想把孩子放在最安全的地方，安全到不容纳一丝风险。
Do you remember Marlin, the clownfish dad from Finding Nemo? At first, he was known as the 'coward' of the Great Barrier Reef, protecting his son Nemo more than his life and being cautious and worried about his safety. He also epitomizes the image of many parents: because they love their children, they always want to put them in the safest possible situation, preferably without any risks at all.
Picture from: https://movies.disney.com/
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但是你知道的，没有万无一失的安全之地。就像电影里一样，即便小丑鱼爸爸慎之又慎，尼莫最终还是被潜水员带走，经历了一系列惊心动魄的冒险。现实生活也是如此：应对挑战和危机的能力是在不断的实践中提升的。如果从最开始，成人就阻止任何挑战的发生，我们如何奢求孩子们当下就产生应对的能力？
But no environment can be perfectly safe, as in the film where Nemo is eventually taken away by divers on a series of thrilling adventures. In the real world, if parents stop their children from acting because they feel there is a risk, they will never develop the ability to assess danger in response to challenges and risks.
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当然作为成人，即便我们知道走出安全区去“冒险”的重要性，但对安全的担忧仍在存在：如果遇到危险怎么办？因此，作为成长陪伴者的我们学习如何更合理地开展风险评估，在一定范围内平衡“风险”和“孩子发展的机会”就至关重要了。
But then parents worry about letting their children go out of their safe zone to explore, to take risks, to grow, and what happens when they encounter risks? Therefore, as developmental companions we need to carry out risk assessments for some activities to rule out some possible pitfalls. It is important to provide the maximum possible space for children to explore and grow within acceptable limits.
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在南通惠立幼儿园，老师们会从不同维度（开放性资源、探索工具、自然环境等）进行课程或活动前的风险评估，在保障安全的前提下，为孩子提供最大的探索空间。例如，在进行每次户外自然探险之前，老师们会将学校周围的每一条道路都仔细“审核”一遍：大到红绿灯、人行道，小到路边的花草石块，老师们列出所有可能存在的风险隐患，最终根据孩子的情况，确定相对最适宜孩子当下发展的探索路线。
At Huili Nursery Nantong, teachers assess the risks before a lesson or activity in terms of open resources, tools and equipment, the natural environment, and many other aspects, and then provide the maximum possible space for children to explore after eliminating especially risky hazards. For example, before the Adventures in Nature activity, the teachers carefully review roads around the school, from traffic lights and pavements to plants and rocks on the side of the road, listing all the possible risks and hazards, and finally choosing the most suitable route for the children to explore.
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在教学活动过程中，风险评估也是老师的日常工作。这也为最大化孩子探索的机会做好了准备：
In the course of daily teaching activities, teachers are also constantly assessing risks to maximise learning opportunities for children.
使用热熔枪
Using the glue gun
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当我们一听到热熔胶枪，可能立刻的反应是：这个太危险了，可不能让孩子用！而作为教育者，相对于拒绝孩子，或是简单机械地告诉孩子：“你一定要戴手套。”，如何引导孩子对自己的安全负责更有意义：“这个工具会很烫，你认为什么东西可以保护一下自己？”。在可承受的范围之内，孩子们通过自己的切身感受，知道了使用热胶枪的注意事项，甚至还会在第二次使用时告诉小伙伴：“使用这个要戴好手套保护自己，它很烫！”
When many parents hear about hot glue guns, the first thing that comes to mind is, "This is too dangerous for children to use!". Our teachers don't immediately decline children or simply tell them mechanically, "You must wear gloves". They will tell the children: "This tool will be very hot, what can you wear to protect yourself?". Within the limits of tolerable risk, the children knew first-hand the dos and don'ts of using a glue gun and would even tell their buddies the second time they used it, "Wear gloves to protect yourself with this, it's hot!"
外出过马路
Crossing the street
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在外出探索时，老师们在提前做好保护措施的情况下，引导孩子了解如何通过观察交通信号灯判断何时过马路；如何通过听声音大致了解车辆的远近，以及观察车辆的大小变化判断车距。在真实的生活中，老师支持孩子独立分析和评估陌生环境里的风险和潜在的危险，并依此做出适当的行动选择，以有效避免危险的发生。
When out exploring, teachers will guide children, with protection, to first observe traffic lights, judge the proximity of vehicles by the sound, judge the distance between vehicles by observing the change in size, and work together to determine when they should cross the road. The teacher helps the children to analyse and judge the risks and dangers in unfamiliar situations on their own, to make appropriate behavioural choices and to avoid danger effectively.
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我们进行的有效的风险评估，能够将解决困难的机会还给孩子，让他们有充足的机会不断挑战自己，在探索中做自己的主人。同时，这也帮助孩子拥有处理真实环境下遇到状况的能力，在冒险和挑战中逐渐提高自我保护和风险控制的意识及能力。我们相信，这也是支持他们更好地适应这个充满未知的世界的重要过程。
Effective risk assessment by adults gives children the opportunity to solve problems and gives them ample opportunities to challenge themselves and be their own masters in their explorations. It helps children to have the ability to handle various situations in real-life situations, to gradually increase their awareness and ability to protect themselves and control risks through adventure and challenges, and to better adapt to a world full of unknowns.
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