Introduction of m6A
m6A (N6-Methyladenosine)
N6-腺苷酸甲基化
RNA 上存在着 100 多种以上的修饰,其中 m6A 是mRNA上最丰富的修饰,由读码器(甲基化酶:METTL3)甲基化、消码器(去甲基化酶:ALKBH5、FTO)去甲基化、和读码器(识别蛋白:YTHDF1-3,YTHDC1-2 ...)结合识别。
m6A 修饰是一个动态变化的过程,参与了许多重要的生物过程,如 RNA 的转录、出核、可变剪接、翻译、降解等,此外,越来越多的发现 m6A 修饰也存在在noncoding RNA中。
Where, When, and How: Context-Dependent Functions of RNA Methylation Writers, Readers, and Erasers[1]
m6A 修饰富集在stop codon区域,存在的序列呈现**[ RRACH ]**的 motif 特征:
Topology of the human and mouse m6A RNA methylomes revealed by m6A-seq[2]
依赖于二代高通量测序技术的发展,m6A 修饰在整个转录组上的检测得以迅速发展,研究者们也越来越多的发现了 m6A 修饰在生物过程中的参与的调控机制。从 MeRIP-seq 到多种类型的单碱基分辨率的 m6A-seq 技术呗开发出来,更加高效和精确的检测 m6A 修饰位点的位置。
Epitranscriptome sequencing technologies: decoding RNA modifications[3]
m6A 测序的 peak 在基因结构上的峰图:
Transcriptome-wide mapping of N6-methyladenosine by m6A-seq based on immunocapturing and massively parallel sequencing[4]
m6A 测序数据的分析对于大量的测序数据无疑是至关重要的,要想准确快速的从测序数据中获取全转录组水平的 m6A 修饰分布和量化水平及不同细胞处理状态下的 m6A 修饰水平的变化,一系列相关的软件和数据库被开发出来,便于研究人员快速了解或者查找靶标基因的 m6A 修饰位点。
软件类型
1、callpeak 软件:
m6aViewer[5]、exomepeak/exomepeak2[6]、MeRIPtools[7]、MeTPeak[8]、MACS2/3[9]
# 安装方法
# exomepeak2
if (!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE))
install.packages("BiocManager")
BiocManager::install("exomePeak2")
# MeRIPtools
install.packages("devtools")
library(devtools)
install_github("scottzijiezhang/MeRIPtools")
# MeTPeak
library("devtools")
install_github("compgenomics/MeTPeak",build_opts = c("--no-resave-data", "--no-manual"))
# m6aViewer
$ wget http://dna2.leeds.ac.uk/m6a/m6aViewer_1_6_1.jar
# MACS2/3
$ conda install -c bioconda macs2
$ pip install macs3
2、差异 peak 分析软件:
exomepeak2、MeTDiff[10]、RADAR[11]
# MeTDiff,依赖三个R包
BiocManager::install("Rsamtools")
BiocManager::install("GenomicFeatures")
BiocManager::install("rtracklayer")
library("devtools")
install_github("compgenomics/MeTDiff")
# RADAR
library(devtools)
install_github("scottzijiezhang/RADAR")
3、m6A 可视化软件
CovFuzze[12]、Guitar[13]、metaPlotR[14]、MetaTX.1.0
# covfuzze
$ pip install covfuzze
# metaPlotR
# Guitar
BiocManager::install("Guitar")
# MetaTX.1.0
BiocManager::install(c("GenomicAlignments", "GenomicRanges", "GenomicFeatures", "ggplot2",
"TxDb.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19.knownGene", "cowplot"))
devtools::install_github("yue-wang-biomath/MetaTX/MetaTX.1.0")
library('MetaTX')
4、m6A 质控软件
Trumpet[15]
# Trumpet
devtools::install_github("skyhorsetomoon/Trumpet")
数据库
1、Whistle:http://180.208.58.66/whistlem6A/
2、MM-6mAPred:http://www.insect-genome.com/MM-6mAPred/
3、m6A2Target:http://m6a2target.canceromics.org/#/
4、RNAmod:https://bioinformatics.sc.cn/RNAmod/analysis.php
5、m6A-Atlas:http://180.208.58.66/m6A-Atlas/index.html
6、REPIC:https://repicmod.uchicago.edu/repic/index.php
7、RMBase:http://rna.sysu.edu.cn/rmbase/
m6A 数据分析流程
Nature protocal [4]
Limits in the detection of m6A changes using MeRIP/m6A-seq
m6A-seq 数据分析流程类似于 Chip-seq 数据的分析,但又有不同之处,因为 m6A 修饰存在于 RNA 上而不是转录本上。基本分析流程包括:序列比对、call peak、peak 注释、差异 peak 分析、GO 和 kegg 富集分析等,此外还可以结合多组学测序数据联合分析发掘更精细的分子调控机制和网络。
此外网上还有一些m6A-seq 数据分析流程的代码及教程,大家可参考学习:
easym6A: Process m6A/MeRIP-seq data in a single or batch job mode
网址:https://github.com/shunliubio/easym6A/blob/master/README.md
Analysis pipeline for MeRIP-seq
网址:https://github.com/Ming-Lian/NGS-analysis/blob/master/MeRIP-seq.md
He lab m6A-seq_analysis_workflow
网址:https://github.com/scottzijiezhang/m6A-seq_analysis_workflow#he-lab-m6a-seq_analysis_workflow
最后欢迎感兴趣的小伙伴一起交流学习!
参考资料
Where, When, and How: Context-Dependent Functions of RNA Methylation Writers, Readers, and Erasers: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109727651930317X?via%3Dihub
[2]Topology of the human and mouse m6A RNA methylomes revealed by m6A-seq: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11112
[3]Epitranscriptome sequencing technologies: decoding RNA modifications: https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.4110
[4]Transcriptome-wide mapping of N6-methyladenosine by m6A-seq based on immunocapturing and massively parallel sequencing: https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2012.148
[5]m6aViewer: http://dna2.leeds.ac.uk/m6a/
[6]exomepeak2: https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/exomePeak2.html
[7]MeRIPtools: https://github.com/scottzijiezhang/MeRIPtools
[8]MeTPeak: https://github.com/compgenomics/MeTPeak
[9]MACS2/3: https://github.com/macs3-project/MACS
[10]MeTDiff: https://github.com/compgenomics/MeTDiff
[11]RADAR: https://scottzijiezhang.github.io/RADARmanual/Mannual.html
[12]CovFuzze: https://github.com/al-mcintyre/CovFuzze
[13]Guitar: https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/Guitar.html
[14]metaPlotR: https://github.com/olarerin/metaPlotR
[15]Trumpet: https://github.com/skyhorsetomoon/Trumpet
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