双语·智库 | 一千万特殊“游子”流散海外 回家有多难?
作为智库型研究与资讯平台,译世界【官方微信号译·世界(YEEWORLD)】现推出“智库”栏目,以中英双语的形式为您精选全球重要智库及著名媒体等在语言服务、文化交流、人工智能、公共政策、国际关系等相关领域的前沿研究成果,并同时展现相关英文表达,欢迎关注!
在影片《十二生肖》中,成龙饰演的JC历尽惊险挽救国宝,其实折射的是中国文物在海外流失的现实。
英国当地时间11日上午,疑似圆明园文物、西周晚期的“青铜虎鎣(yíng)”在坎特伯雷拍卖行以41万英镑的价格被拍出,折合人民币约360万元。这一价格比此前拍卖行的估值超出一倍。
此前,中国国家文物局曾强烈反对并谴责该拍卖行拍卖中国流失文物,但最终还是未能阻止虎鎣被出售。
透过此次事件,更多国人关注到中国的海外流失文物,期待中华名族的瑰宝早日回家。
本期“双语·智库”将带你了解中国海外流失文物现状,并介绍中国在追回文物方面的努力。
虎鎣被拍事件回顾
A bronze relic allegedly looted from China has been sold for 410,000 British pounds at an auction in the United Kingdom despite strong opposition from China.
英国一家拍卖行不顾中国的强烈反对,在拍卖会上以41万英镑(约合人民币360万)的价格售出一件疑似从中国掠夺的青铜文物。
According to Canterbury Auction Galleries, Tiger Ying, a rare Chinese bronze water vessel with its spout and lid cast with models of tigers, dates back some 3,000 years with an estimated value price of 120,000 to 200,000 pounds. Letters from former Royal Marines Captain Harry Lewis Evans say that the relic was taken by him during the looting of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing in 1860.
据坎特伯雷拍卖行称,虎鎣是稀有的中国青铜盛水器,其器盖和出水口均成老虎造型,历史可追溯至3000年前,估值12万至20万英镑(约合人民币107万至178万元)。前英国皇家海军陆战队上校哈里•刘易斯•埃文斯在信中记载,1860年洗劫北京圆明园时,他带走了该文物。
▲虎鎣(图片来源:The Telegraph)
A statement by China's State Administration of Cultural Heritage on Tuesday said it "firmly opposes and strongly condemns" the auction. It also called for an international boycott of the auction.
4月10日,中国国家文物局发声明表示“强烈反对并谴责”该拍卖行为,并呼吁国际社会抵制此次拍卖。
“The State Administration of Cultural Heritage will closely follow development of the incident, and will promote the return of illegally-discharged cultural relics by all necessary means in accordance with relevant international conventions and Chinese laws,” reads the statement.
中国国家文物局在声明中写道:“国家文物局将密切关注事件进展,并将继续依照相关国际公约和中国法律规定,通过一切必要途径促使从我国非法流失的文物回归中国。”
▲国家文物局声明(图片来源:国家文物局官网)
中国海外流失文物超过1000万件
Chinese experts estimated that more than 10 million Chinese cultural relics have been lost overseas, according to the overseas edition of the People's Daily.
人民日报海外版报道,据中国专家估计,超过1000万件中国文物流失海外。
Most of the cultural relics were robbed and illegally shipped out of China during the war times before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Culture Relics Society said.
据中国文物学会,其中大部分文物是在新中国成立前的战乱时期被非法掠夺运往国外的。
Invasions by foreign forces in the late 19th century, the large-scale smuggling of cultural relics by Western adventurers to China in the early 20th century and Japanese aggression during World War II were major periods when many of China's cultural relics were looted and taken overseas.
中国文物流失海外主要经历了3个时期:19世纪末外国列强入侵,20世纪初西方探险家到中国大量走私中国文物,以及二战时期的日军侵略。
The newspaper said about 1.67 million of these items are housed in more than 200 museums in 47 countries, accounting for just 10 percent of all lost Chinese cultural relics.
人民日报海外版称,约有167万件文物陈列在47个国家逾200家博物馆中,仅占中国流失海外文物总数的十分之一。
▲美国纳尔逊·阿特金斯艺术博物馆收藏的中国辽代南海观音木雕和山西广胜寺炽盛光佛壁画。(图片来源:腾讯文化)
"Those in the hands of private collectors are ten times higher," the newspaper quoted the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization as saying.
“私人收藏家手中的文物数量高出海外馆藏10倍之多。”人民日报援引联合国教科文组织称。
The lost treasures are said to cover a wide range of categories including painting, calligraphy, bronze wares, porcelain, oracle bone inscriptions, and ancient books and records.
据称,流失的宝物种类繁多,包括画作、书法、青铜器、瓷器、甲骨文、典籍等。
The newspaper also said most of the artifacts are currently owned by museums or private collectors in the United States, Europe, Japan and Southeast Asian countries.
报道还指出,目前流失海外的大部分历史文物被美国、欧洲、日本和东南亚国家的博物馆或私人收藏家所占有。
▲柏林东亚博物馆收藏的菩萨头像石雕(图片来源:中国社会科学院考古研究所)
▲东京国立博物馆收藏的宋代名画《寒江独钓图》(图片来源:中国社会科学院考古研究所)
There are more than 23,000 pieces of Chinese culture relics in the British Museum, most of which were robbed or purchased for pennies more than 100 years ago.
目前大英博物馆收藏的中国文物达2.3万多件,大部分是100年前被掠夺或通过低价购买获得的。
▲大英博物馆藏中国文物(图片来源:中国社会科学院考古研究所)
中国文物追回之路
Experts said that the main method used to recover the national treasures is to buy them back. In some cases, private collectors donated the relics to the government. Under certain circumstances, the Chinese government can also go through official channels to demand the return of relics.
专家表示,重新获得这些文物的主要途径就是购回。有时私人收藏家也会向政府捐赠文物。在特定情况下,中国政府也可通过官方渠道要求文物归还。
In recent years the Chinese government has improved efforts to retrieve the precious cultural relics lost overseas by launching a national project focused on the recovery of the treasures and setting up a database collecting relevant information.
近年来,中国政府加强了追索海外珍贵文物的工作,开展以文物回归为重点的国家项目,建立起收集相关信息的数据库。
China is among the countries most seriously affected by the loss of cultural relics overseas. But things have turned optimistic due to the country's close cooperation with multiple international parties after joining the 1970 UN convention in 1989 - the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 1970. Bilateral protocols have also been signed with countries including Peru and Italy on this matter.
中国是文物流失海外影响最为严重的国家之一。不过情况已有所好转,中国于1989年加入了《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转移其所有权的方法的公约》(简称“1970年公约”),与多方进行密切的国际合作,并同秘鲁、意大利等国家就此问题签署了双边协议。
Many international treaties like the 1970 Convention altogether ended the situation that the world had no law that could halt the trafficking of cultural property. The convention was still in need of more rigid supervision and enforcement. It does not apply to anything stolen before 1970.
很多类似“1970年公约”的国际条约给没有法律禁止文化遗产走私的局面画上了句号。这一公约仍需更加严格的监管与执行,且不适用于1970年之前的被盗物品。
China is also one of 33 parties joining the 1995 International Institute for the Unification of Private Law Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, which complements the 1970 Convention.
中国也是1995年加入《国际统一私法协会关于被盗或者非法出口文物的公约》的33个成员之一,该公约对“1970年公约”进行了补充。
The government is also seeking to retrieve the relics by liaising closely with the International Criminal Police Organization and the World Customs Organization.
中国政府还通过与国际刑警组织和世界海关组织保持密切联系来追索文物。
Overseas Chinese also help recover stolen relics through other channels, such as by establishing associations for their protection and return to China. On June 30, 2015, the Chinese Overseas Cultural Relics and Antiques organisation was established with the aim of offering a trading platform for people to bring back Chinese relics from abroad.
海外华人也在通过其他途径帮助追回流失文物,如成立保护与归还流失文物的协会。2015年6月30日,中国海外文化遗产与文物组织成立,旨在为人们提供交易平台,将文物从国外带回国内。
▲2000年,美国收藏家安思远捐赠给中国国家博物馆的五代王处直墓汉白玉彩绘浮雕武士。(图片来源:腾讯文化)
Chinese authorities have launched an information website for missing and stolen relics in order to gather clues from the public and deter criminals.
中国官方推出了被盗丢失文物信息发布平台,用于收集公众提供的线索,震慑不法分子。
Any individual, in China or abroad, is welcome to report information concerning lost Chinese cultural and historic treasures on the platform, Xinhua reports, adding that all the collated material will be added to Interpol's stolen artwork database.
据新华网报道,国内外人士均可在该平台上提供与流失中国文物、历史珍宝相关的信息,所有经核实的材料都将录入国际刑警组织的失窃艺术品数据库中。
英文来源:英国每日电讯报、新华网、中国日报
编译:Yee君
注意啦,好消息!在公众号对话框回复“号内搜”,获取链接,可以快捷搜索“译·世界”号内任意信息~
推荐阅读
双语•智库 | Facebook丑闻,成了“裸奔时代”的照妖镜…