问中国 | 中国是如何保护野生动物的？
How does China protect wild animals?
5月20日，武汉市政府在官网发布《市人民政府关于全面禁止食用野生动物严格野生动物保护管理的通知》。通知明确，全面禁止食用所有陆生野生动物，国家重点保护的珍贵、濒危水生野生动物，以及法律法规规定禁止食用的其他野生动物。
ASK CHINA
时间倒退回2月24日，新冠疫情全面暴发一个月后。
当日，全国人大常委会表决通过《关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易的决定》，该决定确立了全面禁止食用野生动物的制度，从各方面来看均被称为“史上最严”。
法律的生命力在于实施，法律的权威也在于实施。
如何才能使全面禁食野生动物在法律层面得到更好的落实？这与下面的这些问题息息相关——
中国目前有哪些关于野生动物保护的法律法规？
哪些动物被定义为野生动物、哪些可以被食用？
此次表决通过的《决定》为何被称为“史上最严”？
全面禁食野生动物要把握好哪些界限？
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Since the outbreak of the new type of coronavirus, some western media have suggested that the virus originated from a wet market in Wuhan.
They said that in the wet market different kinds of wild animals were being sold.
But in fact, most people from the Chinese mainland are totally unfamiliar with the word which actually originates from Hong Kong English.
In fact, it is no different to an ordinary farmer's market in the West.
Also unknown to the outside world is that China has a long tradition of protecting and saving wildlife species.
关于野生动物保护，中国有哪些现行的法律法规？
China's most important law on wild animal protection is the Wild Animal Conservation Law.
First introduced in 1988, the law's purpose was defined as: "Protecting and saving the species of wildlife which are rare or near extinction, protecting, developing and rationally utilizing wildlife resources and maintaining ecological balances."
During a major revision in 2016, lawmakers took out lines identifying wild animals as "natural resources which can be utilized."
目录一为受国家或地方重点保护的珍稀濒危野生动物；
目录二为具有重要生态、科学和社会价值的陆生野生动物。
According to the law, China's protection of wild animals is based on two lists.
First, rare and endangered wild animals that are under state- or provincial-level protection.
The second list identifies species of terrestrial wildlife with important ecological, scientific and social values.
"The current law still does not cover all terrestrial wild animals. For example, some of the endangered species are not included," said Lu Zhi, professor of Conservation Biology at Peking University.
It is estimated that 1,811 vertebrates are under protection, which include 215 mammals, 944 birds, 268 amphibians and 384 reptiles.
“史上最严”野生动物保护法
On February 24, about a month after the COVID-19 outbreak, China's top lawmakers agreed on an immediate nationwide ban on all wildlife trade and consumption.
The latest draft decision banning wildlife trade is considered to be the most drastic and comprehensive in comparison with any regulations before.
Additionally, the consumption of animals protected under current laws, along with other terrestrial wildlife that are artificially bred or raised, is forbidden.
“我认为，政府试图在生态保护、防治人畜共患病发生以及保障养殖户生计等三方面寻求平衡。而为了使全面禁食野生动物、禁止非法野生动物交易得到有效落实，保障养殖户（生计）尤为重要。”
After the draft decision, only the animals under the National Catalog of Genetic Resources of Livestock and Poultry can be considered food.
On April 8, China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs published an updated draft list of the catalog, seeking public opinions.
It includes a total of 17 groups of edible livestock and poultry, including pigs, chicken, duck, geese, cattle, horses, camels and sheep.
Dogs, snakes and other types of rodents were removed from the list.
"I think the government is trying to balance ecological conservation, zoonotic disease control and the livelihoods of wildlife farmers. So to make sure the ban on wildlife trade [and eating wild animals] works, it is critical to take care [of] this group of people, especially the poor," Lu said.
On May 15, the Hunan provincial government set out a local scheme to compensate wildlife breeders following China's ban on the consumption and trade of wild animals.
Hunan's scheme is the country's first provincial-level plan to specify compensation measures and amounts to assist affected livestock farmers.
Besides financial support, governments at different levels are shouldering more responsibilities to guide and help affected farmers transform their businesses as the country aims to end poverty by the end of the year.