特朗普签署行政令后，社交媒体平台真的会遭殃吗？
当地时间5月28日，美国总统特朗普签署了一项行政令，意在限制社交媒体平台对用户发布内容的审查。
此前，特朗普于26日发布了两条推文，暗示加利福尼亚州邮寄选票的做法有“欺诈”性质，认为“选民的邮箱将会被盗”。
随后，推特官方对特朗普这两条推文进行了标注——“请获取邮寄选票的相关事实”。该标注链接了一个网页，网页上的新闻报道和信息反驳了特朗普的推文内容。
对此，特朗普发推文进行了回击：
“共和党人认为，社交媒体平台完全压制了保守派的声音。我们将大力监管甚至关闭社交媒体平台，以保证这种情况不再发生…社交媒体，整理一下你们的行为吧，现在！”
U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order on Thursday he said would limit the ability of social media companies to censor content.
It comes two days after Twitter added a "Get the facts" label to two of Trump's tweets against vote-by-mail efforts in California, calling them "fraudulent" and saying that mail boxes would be robbed. The Twitter label linked to a "fact check" page with news reports and information refuting Trump's claims.
On Wednesday Trump responded on Twitter: "Republicans feel that Social Media Platforms totally silence conservatives voices. We will strongly regulate, or close them down, before we can ever allow this to happen...Social Media. Clean up your act, NOW!!!!"
据多家媒体对该行政令泄漏版本的报道，它将要求联邦通信委员会及联邦贸易委员会对社交媒体目前享有的责任保护条款进行改写。
目前，在美国《通信规范法》230条款的保护下，社交媒体平台不会因其发布的内容而被起诉。而被视为“出版发行人”的报纸与电视台，则可能因其发布的内容被起诉。
这一保护条款于1996年制定，其目的是让网络平台不必担心因所发布的内容被起诉，以促进互联网的发展。230条款既保护网络平台发布内容，也保护它们限制内容。例如，很多平台都会删除淫秽、暴力以及骚扰性质的内容。
Leaked versions of the text of the executive order reported by several media companies show that it will ask the independent Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to look into rewriting the liability protections that social media companies currently have.
Currently, under Section 230 of the federal Communications Decency Act, internet platforms are protected from lawsuits -- unlike newspapers and television stations that act as publishers and can be sued over content.
The protections were put in place in 1996 to allow the internet to grow without fears of lawsuits over what is posted online. In Section 230, not only are internet platforms protected for what they allow online, they are also protected from what they restrict as well. Many platforms will delete obscene, violent, or harassing content for example.
特朗普所签署的行政令称，推特的“事实核查标记”算得上是一种“审查制度”。这意味着，推特应被视为“出版发行人”，而不仅仅是网络平台。
该行政令指示，美国商务部长应要求联邦通信委员会进行监管，以澄清在什么情况下社交媒体平台能够对平台内容进行审查，什么情况下不能。行政令还要求联邦机构对社交媒体平台上发生的广告费用进行审查，并查清是否存在针对社交媒体收取广告费的审查制度。
另外，这项行政令要求收集针对社交媒体内容审查制度的投诉，并将其提交至司法部和联邦贸易委员会，为相关部门采取下一步措施提供参考。最后，行政令要求美国联邦总检察长成立一个由各州检察官组成的工作小组，审查有哪些州法律能够用于确保社交媒体平台遵守法律。
Trump's executive order claims that interventions like Twitter's fact check label amount to censorship and show that Twitter is acting as a publisher and not a platform. The order directs the Commerce Secretary to ask the FCC for regulation clarifying the conditions under which platforms can or cannot censor content. The order also says it would ask all federal agencies to review how much advertising money is spent on social media platforms and if they have faced censorship.
The order will also collect complaints of online censorship against these platforms and send them to the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission to consider action. Finally the order asks the Attorney General to create a working group with attorneys from each state to examine what state laws are available to enforce that platforms are complying with the law.
美国宪法第一修正案专家杰克·巴尔金向《华盛顿邮报》表示，这项行政令很可能将面临法律挑战，它可能需要获得国会的批准。
另外，联邦通信委员会及联邦贸易委员会都是独立的政府机构，他们并不听令于白宫。这两个机构将各自决定是否按照特朗普的要求行事。
事实上，联邦通信委员会的一位民主党成员与一位共和党成员已经对该行政令提出了反对意见。
The executive order will likely face legal challenges and would probably need congressional approval, First Amendment expert Jack Balkin told The Washington Post. Additionally, the FCC and the FTC are independent agencies that do not answer to the White House. It is up to each agency to decide if they will act on Trump's request. Two members of the FCC, one Democrat and one Republican, have already offered opposing views on the executive order.
据美联社报道，推特和脸书发布了数十条新规则，以防止关于候选人及选举过程的虚假帖子反复出现。这种虚假帖曾对2016年的大选造成了不良后果。
脸书首席执行官马克·扎克伯格批判了推特对福克斯新闻最近的事实核查，认为私有的数字平台不应该充当“真理的仲裁者”。
对此，推特首席执行官杰克·多西作出回应：“我们将继续指出有关大选的错误信息及有争议信息…这么做不代表我们是‘真理的仲裁者’。我们的目的是将矛盾的言论串联起来，并展示出有争议的信息，以便人们自己做出判断。”
Twitter and Facebook issued dozens of new rules to avoid a repeat of the false postings about candidates and the voting process that marred the 2016 election, the AP reported.
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg criticized Twitter's latest fact check move on Fox News, saying that privately-owned digital platforms shouldn't act at as the "arbiter of truth" for everything posted online.
This caused a social media tiff as Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey later tweeted: "We'll continue to point out incorrect or disputed information about elections globally... This does not make us an 'arbiter of truth.' Our intention is to connect the dots of conflicting statements and show the information in dispute so people can judge for themselves."
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