全球目前已经投入使用的新冠疫苗依然有限，以COVAX为例的疫苗共享机制旨在向中低收入国家提供疫苗，但是财大气粗的中高收入国家却限制疫苗出口、实施技术封锁，其国民接种率已远超欠发达国家。
CGTN主播王冠对话全球疫苗联盟专家穆赫贾·卡迈勒-扬尼，分析疫苗分配不均背后的贫富差距和技术困境，探讨如何促进全球疫苗公平分配。穆赫贾·卡迈勒-扬尼博士是全球卫生政策专家。我们知道过去40年里，您一直在为所有人争取获得药物和医疗服务的权利。您认为到目前为止公平公正地分配疫苗的主要障碍是什么？Dr. Mohga Kamal-Yanni is a global health policy advisor. We know that you have worked for almost 40 years in the field of getting access to medicines and health care to everyone. What do you see as the major barriers, the hurdles to fair and equitable distribution of vaccines so far?众所周知，我们面临两个基本问题。一个是供给不足，二是富裕国家把控着有限的疫苗。比如辉瑞和莫德纳公司，他们在美国本地生产的疫苗只供美国人接种。虽然欧洲出口了部分本地生产的疫苗，但显然还是会优先给欧洲人接种，根本不考虑别国民众的需要。We have two fundamental problems as they say. One is the inadequate supply. The second one is the supply that we have has been hoarded by rich countries. Pfizer and Moderna, for example, their vaccines that are produced in US soil are used for US people. Europe export some of the vaccines produced in Europe, but still obviously prioritize Europeans. Just didn't think about anybody else.那么你认为大型制药公司发挥了怎样的作用？他们的行为是否导致了目前疫苗分配不平等的问题？And then what do you think are the roles of big pharma companies in contributing to the reality of the unequal and inequitable distribution of vaccines so far?制药公司都是逐利的，这一点是毫无疑问的。所以对他们而言，只要你开出理想的价码，比方说美国或英国愿意出几百万美元采购疫苗，他们自然愿意配合。Pharmaceutical companies, they go after money. There's no doubt about that. So for them, if you have ideal ways, let's say the US or the UK with X millions of dollars, they will go for that.
在当下时点，你认为发展中国家，尤其是那些还在艰难抗击疫情的国家，如何才能公平地获得疫苗？And then at this point, how do you think developing countries, especially those who are still struggling to get the COVID situation under control really get a fair share of vaccines?方法是通过新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划，为世界上每个国家20%的人口提供疫苗，在此基础上各国再自行购买更多的疫苗。当然真实的情况却并非如此，各个富裕国家都优先保障本国民众的疫苗接种。就好比你有一个小比萨饼，大个子的人都在争抢最大的那块饼，其他人只能分到一些碎屑。The idea is COVAX will deliver vaccines for 20% of the population of every population in the world. Then after that, you can buy more vaccines. Of course, what happened was totally different to that. Every rich country secured vaccines for its own people. And like you have a small pizza. You've got big guys fighting for at the biggest share of this pizza. Crumbs are left for everybody else.
世卫组织将首次在印度发现的一个病毒变种列为“须关切变种”，你是否担心这种病毒会快速变异和传播导致疫苗的效果降低，甚至完全无效？The WHO said a variant, first found in India is now officially a "variant of concern". How concerned are you that the virus will mutate and grow fast and make vaccination less useful, if at all?
我所在的人民疫苗联盟对一些流行病学家做了一项调查。相当一部分人都非常担心会出现对疫苗没有反应的病毒变种，如果该变种或是其他变种对以上两种疫苗表现出抵抗力，那么它们就会轻而易举地跨国传播，所有的投入和努力都将白费。因此必须要保障充足的疫苗供应，尽快为所有人接种疫苗。The People's Vaccine Alliance that I work for and they did a survey of a number of epidemiologists. A huge percentage of them are extremely worried that there would be a variant that would not respond to the vaccines. If that variant or any other variant is resistant to the two vaccines, these variants don't need visas to cross borders. All the money and all the efforts just would go up in the air. So it is really important to have enough supply to vaccinate all the world as soon as possible.
上周拜登政府称，支持暂时豁免与新冠肺炎疫苗相关的知识产权保护，你认为这一声明将如何带来更加经济实惠的疫苗？Last week, the Biden administration said they agreed to support waiving intellectual property protection of COVID-19 vaccines. How exactly do you see this statement translating into more and more affordable vaccines?
疫苗扩产并非毫无成本，相反它是有成本的，但比金钱更重要的事在于分享技术和豁免知识产权保护。我们希望打破技术垄断，无论这种垄断是否受到知识产权或其他政策的保护。因为药物关系到人的性命，关乎人的生命权，在疫情期间尤其如此，此时不豁免，更待何时呢？Expanding production doesn't happen at no cost. It happens with the cost. But the more important thing than the money is the sharing technology and waiving intellectual property. We want to break monopoly on technology, whether that monopoly is secured by intellectual property rights or by anything else, because medicine is about life, it's about the human right to life, and particularly in a pandemic. If you don't waive during a pandemic, when would you do that?没错，我们记得最近有数据显示中国和欧洲出口了一半本地生产的疫苗，美国和英国却选择将大部分本国生产的疫苗留给国内民众。你如何看待中国在全球疫苗生产和分配中的作用？Yeah, we remember recently data showing China and Europe exporting half of the vaccines they have produced, while the United States and the United Kingdom, unfortunately, had to keep much of the production to their own citizens. Then how do you look at the role of China in the global production and distribution of vaccines?
至少有两家中国公司在全球市场上供应疫苗。国药集团几天前获得了世卫组织的紧急使用授权批准这意味着我们有一款有效的疫苗，它预防有症状新冠肺炎病例的有效性为79%，预防死亡的有效性达100%。这是利好消息，这类疫苗就可以扩产，出口给发展中国家。We have at least two companies that have vaccines in the market. Sinopharm particularly had an approval emergency of authorization from the World Health Organization a couple of days ago, which means that we have a vaccine that's effective, 79% in preventing the symptoms and almost 100% in preventing death. So this is a really good news. These vaccines can be obviously expanded, and they can be sold to developing countries.