中欧专家解读COP26：中国如何摆脱对煤炭的依赖？谁来为碳中和买单?
编者按：《联合国气候变化框架公约》第26届缔约方大会（COP26）正在英国格拉斯哥召开。此次会议被视为是设定各国碳排目标、减缓全球暖化的重要一步。CGTN评论栏目《世界观察》携手欧洲新闻台（Euronews)，共同推出《全球辩论场：实现碳中和 中欧在行动》特别节目。中欧学者与环保主义人士齐聚一堂，分享真知灼见。嘉宾包括：里夫金办公室中国主任吴昌华、“一带一路”绿色发展国际研究院执行院长张建宇、伦敦帝国理工学院格兰瑟姆气候变化与环境研究所高级研究员阿杰•甘比尔(AJAY GAMBHIR)、中欧大学环境科学教授戴安娜•沃萨茨(DIANA ÜRGE-VORSATZ)。
Editor's Note: The crucial COP26 climate conference in Glasgow is underway. The conference is regarded as an important step in setting national carbon emission targets and mitigating global warming. CGTN's current affairs show "World Insight" collaborated with Euronews to produce a special program "Carbon Targets: China and Europe Going Green,” inviting renowned scholars and environmentalists for a panel discussion on the urgent issue of how to transition away from coal and meet carbon emission targets.
中国如何摆脱对煤炭的依赖？
How can China get rid of coal?
中国作为世界第一人口大国，碳排放总量大是现实的挑战。中国明确提出到2060年将非化石燃料的比重提高到80%以上。那么中国如何摆脱对煤炭的依赖？当大多数发达国家提出2050年实现碳中和，而中国却表示2060年实现碳中和目标。为什么呢？
China's total carbon emissions are huge, due to its population being the largest in the world. China aims to cut fossil fuel use to below 20% by 2060. So how can China, a coal-reliant country, wean itself off coal? Most countries, particularly developed countries, eye 2050 in reaching carbon neutrality, but China is talking about 2060.
“一带一路”绿色发展国际研究院执行院长张建宇在电视论坛上表示：”关于碳中和问题
中国的态度是符合实际的，是具有跨时代意义的。“
“I think China is taking a very practical and also historical approach to this,” the Executive Director of BRI Green Development Institute Zhang Jianyu said at the TV forum.
他解释道：“中国是世界最大的发展中国家。大家要明白发达国家和发展中国家发展阶段的区别。不少发达国家几十年前就早已实现碳达峰，而中国现在还在为此努力。2020 年 9 月22日，中国领导人承诺将争取在2030年之前先达到碳达峰，然后争取在 2060 年实现碳中和。实际上如果你算算，就会发现中国提出 2060年碳中和的承诺，本身已经相当大胆了。”
“China is the largest developing country in the world and we need to bear in mind that developing and developed nations are at different development stages. Many other developed countries have already reached a decades ago its peaking that China has yet to achieve. Chinese government made a pledge by President Xi Jinping on September 22nd, 2020 that China will strive to achieve peaking first before 2030. And then carbon neutrality by 2060. Actually, if you run the maths, you will find that 2060 commitment itself, is bold already,” said Mr. Zhang.
谈到中国在节能减碳方面做出的贡献，里夫金办公室中国主任吴昌华用一系列的数据来证明。
Speaking of China's contribution to carbon reduction, the director of China/Asia Office of Jeremy Rifkin, Wu Changhua, referred to practical data to prove it.
她指出：“政府的目标是：现在到2025年的五年中，碳强度再下降18%，单位GDP能耗强度降低13.5%。非化石燃料是另一个主要目标。到了2025年，将非化石能源消费占比提高到20%左右。到了2030年，占比提高到25%左右。到2060年，化石燃料将减少至总量的20%以下，尤其是煤炭。也就是说，届时非化石能源将占中国能源结构80% ，甚至更多。”
“By 2025 Chinese government targets achieving carbon intensity reduction by another 18% over this 5 year period... and energy intensity target reduction by 13.5%. And non- fossil fuels is another major target, actually that is to deliver the bigger carbon neutrality agenda,” said Wu. “By 2025, it's going to be 20% of China's primary energy structure. By 2030, it will be 25% and by 2060, fossil fuels, particularly coal will be cutting down to probably less than 20%. So non-fossil fuel energy will be at least 80% or even above.”
此时，欧洲新闻台主持人杰里米•威尔克斯提出疑问。他说：“虽然燃煤发电是上个世纪的技术，可如今还在靠它助推增长和发展。中国打算怎么实现‘去煤化’呢？”
At this point, Jeremy Wilks, host from Euronews, raised a question. He asked, “Coal is just so much last centuries technology, but it is still what's powering growth and development. How will China clean it up? ”
CGTN主持人田薇加入讨论，随即回应：“没错，对工业发达国家来说，煤炭在上个世纪带来了增长和发展。但现在对于发展中国家，主要依靠燃煤供电。这也是中国关注的问题。“
“Yes, indeed, that was the last century for the industrialized economies, but it is the current issue for developing countries. That's what China is talking about,” CGTN Host Tian Wei responded.
随后， 吴昌华主任也补充道，在中国确实可以看到“去煤化”的趋势。”首先，在整体能源结构中煤炭的比重将持续下降。实际上到2060年左右或者更早，非化石能源将占中国能源结构的80%，甚至更多。”
Ms. Wu added that people literally see a few trends in China. “One, the coal contribution in the overall energy structure will continue to decline. “When China gets to 2060 or before that, actually non-fossil fuels will account 80% or more of China's energy structure. ”
如何做到这一点呢？吴昌华表示：“如果你看看今天中国的燃煤电厂，都在使用清洁煤技术，致力于提高能源效能，所以科技是“去煤化”的主力军。”
How will that be delivered? “If you look at the coal fired power plants in China today, you will see that they are all deploying quite the most efficient cleaners so far. So technology will play a major role,” she said.
谁来为碳中和买单?
Who pays the bill for carbon neutrality?
全球敲响了能源危机的警钟，电力短缺、燃气告急、煤价高企。这是不是全球能源转型的阵痛？能源供应紧张或成为COP26大会无法回避的焦点问题之一。
The 26th UN Climate Change Conference, or COP26, is taking place at a time of a global energy shortage. Power outages, gas shortages, coal price surge - are these the growing pains of global energy transition? It may be high on the COP26 agenda.
伦敦帝国理工学院格兰瑟姆气候变化与环境研究所高级研究员阿杰•甘比尔坦言，如果利用太阳能和风能等可再生能源发电，为人们提供不必接入整体电网的用电方案，为他们打造局部小电网，这种方案更为可靠。
Ajay Gambhir, a senior research fellow of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change & Environment at Imperial College London, said that people have alternatives now. These include off-grid solutions or mini grids based on solar, wind batteries, and renewable systems. And there are actually many cases proving these are more reliable.
所有这些新方案从哪里获得资金呢？这也是COP26大会要讨论的议题。阿杰•甘比尔强调，新兴国家和发展中国家无法只靠自己来完成减排任务，发展中国家确实需要工业化国家的大力支持。
How is this going to be funded? The question is also on the table for COP26. Ajay Gambhir noted that emerging and developing countries can't do this on their own.
然而，现实是发达国家曾多次在气候变化大会上承诺支付资金，可发展中国家尝试进行基础设施改造时，这些却并没有落实。
But the fact is some of the earlier pledges already made in earlier conferences have not been paid to recipient developing countries.
中欧大学环境科学教授戴安娜•沃萨茨表示认同：“发达国家当然需要拿出资金，并且需要拿出巨额资金。因为我们发达国家对全球气候变化问题负有最大责任。”
Professor of Environmental Sciences at Central European University Diana Ürge-Vorsatz agreed on this point. “There are tremendous steps that still need to be paid by the developed countries, because certainly we are the most responsible for the problem,” said she.
她还说：“我们不要总是只关注新增成本的问题。因为特别是在发展中国家，无论如何都是要进行大规模的基础设施建设的。当然发达国家也会进行基础设施建设，但发展中国家建设的规模尤其庞大。但问题是，这些即将兴建的基础设施是将以20世纪的方式操作，还是以21世纪的方式操作。这是一个资金问题，也是技术转让或创新的问题。我认为我们也应该从这个角度来考虑这个问题。”
“I think what is also important to see is not always only focus on this cost, this new cost. Because especially in developing countries, there is tremendous infrastructure development going to take place in any case, also in the developed countries, but especially in developing countries. Simply the question is, is this infrastructure going to be developed in the 20th century way, or more in the 21st century way. It’s also a question of finance, but also question of technology transfer or just innovation. And I think we should approach it a little bit from this perspective,” she added.
《世界观察》是一档突出全球视野的访谈栏目，由田薇主持，每期节目30分钟，每周一到五播出。主打的“环球辩论”版块，就国际热点事件和争议性话题，连线全球嘉宾，实现思想与观点的碰撞。“高端专访”版块走近全球各领域顶尖人物，通过独家专访展现时代风采。本期45分钟特别节目首播时间：2021年11月1日22：15，敬请收看！
"World Insight with Tian Wei" is a CGTN talk show with an international perspective on global hot button issues. This 30 minute show airs from Monday to Friday. The global debate segment features commentators, scholars, politicians, and opinion leaders from all over the world in panel discussions on headline stories with global impact. It also presents exclusive interviews with outstanding figures from all walks of life. This 45 minute special show goes on air 22:15 BJT on November 1. Tune in!