先声夺人 | 中国“经济回归”双引擎：改革不减速，开放不犹豫

编者按：党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央统筹中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局，带领全党全国人民取得历史性成就。在党的二十大召开之际，CGTN《先声夺人》推出《全景解码中国之道》系列，十大主题，十年印记，通过十篇评论大稿，全面解读中国成功之道。此篇聚焦中国经济发展强引擎 ，通过回溯十八大以来党中央在经济领域做出的重要判断和决策，分析中国经济能持续高质量发展的深层原因。

Editor's note: Over the past decade, China has made great accomplishments while navigating through a tumultuous global environment. As the 20th Communist Party of China National Congress approaches, CGTN First Voice has prepared a 10-part series titled "The China Path: A Panoramic Decoding" to take you through the landmarks and watershed events over the past 10 years and decode the secret of China's development. This is part one of the series, featuring the engine of China's continued economic success.

2012年以来，中国跃居成为世界第二大经济体、第一大贸易体、最大海外投资国，对世界经济增长的平均贡献率在30%左右，是2008年全球金融危机以来，世界经济复苏的最大贡献者。中国经济并不完美，但的确是举世公认的全球经济“推动器”和“压舱石”。

China has risen to become the world's second largest economy and leading trader. China has also emerged as the greatest contributor to the global economic recovery since 2008. 

这些成就无疑引发以美国为首的西方国家的警惕，美国屡屡通过颁布竞争法案等方式，滥用“国家安全”对中国科技企业进行打压。中美竞争成为国际热点话题。然而，中美关系需要赢家吗？中国过去十年持续快速发展是为了取代美国吗？

Nevertheless, the U.S. has repeatedly introduced proposals to contain Chinese tech firms – under the guise of national security. But we should ask, is China trying to replace the U.S. as the most dominant player on the world stage?

在过去2000年的大部分时间里，中国始终是世界上最大经济体之一。只有在过去的200年间，美国才超越了中国成为世界历史的主导者。中国的回归只是使这一反常现象结束，但美国却拒绝接受这一现实。

For the past 2,000 years, China has become one of the world's largest economies. Yet in the past 200 years. the U.S. had surpassed China as the leading global superpower. China's economic return is putting an end to this unipolar status, but Washington won't accept it.

中国回归的背后是什么？

What's behind China's return?

中国经济过去10年持续快速发展，其实没有什么秘诀，这就是坚持改革开放不动摇。10年来，中国每年平均出台改革政策400多种，每年平均新增立法100多件。改革措施涉及国企改革、户籍制度改革、农村土地改革、环境保护改革、司法体制改革、知识产权保护制度改革、公平竞争制度改革、“放管服”改革、外经外贸制度改革等，涵盖经济民生所有领域。

China's remarkable economic growth in the past decade stood on account of the country's efforts to open up. For every year in this period, China has introduced an average of over 400 reform policies and more than 100 pieces of related legislation. 

以辽宁省葫芦岛市的一件小泳装为例。改革开放以前，葫芦岛市临海满眼是简陋渔村，与“时尚”毫不沾边。在政府改革开放政策刺激下，葫芦岛照猫画虎学着做起了泳装生意，并不断开拓国外市场。至2018年，葫芦岛共有泳装生产企业1200余家，年产泳装约1.9亿件，年产值超140亿元。全球每销售4件泳装，就有1件产自葫芦岛。

Let's take a look at the swimsuit industry in Huludao, China's Liaoning Province for example: Before the reform and opening-up, Huludao was just a tiny fishing village. But today it has risen in status as the global hub for the swimsuit business. By 2018, Huludao has more than 1,200 swimsuit firms, with an annual output of 190 million suits and an output value of more than 14 billion yuan. Every one out of four swimsuits sold in the world comes from Huludao.

时尚人士一定对美国百年品牌JANTZEN耳熟能详。作为泳装领域的时尚风向标，玛丽莲·梦露、奥黛丽·赫本、“猫王”等明星都曾热衷于这一品牌。而这家公司则在2018年被葫芦岛市进出口贸易集团收购。

Fashion fans could be familiar with America's century-old brand JANTZEN that was popularized by Marilyn Monroe, Audrey Hepburn and Elvis Presley. In 2018, a local company in Huludao acquired the brand.

葫芦岛小镇制霸全球泳衣产业离不开党中央在经济领域做出的重要决策。为企业减负、纾困，培育市场经济的市场主体是过去10年中国经济发展的重大成就之一。截至2021年底，全国登记在册的市场主体达到1.54亿户。市场主体总量已经比2012年底的5494.9万户增长了1.8倍，年均增长达到12.1%。全国日均新设企业由2011年的0.69万户持续增长到2021年的2.48万户。2021年《财富》世界500强排行榜的统计中，中国有143家企业上榜，美国一共有122家企业上榜，中国占比近“40%”。

Huludao's dominance in global swimwear industry is a direct result of China's economic policies. Easing the burdens and difficulties for businesses as the entities of the market economy was a significant achievement of China in the past decade. Meanwhile, by the end of 2021, the county's registered market entities stood at 154 million, up by 1.8 times from 54.949 million in the same period of 2012 and recording an average annual growth rate of 12.1 percent. The average daily number of newly-founded companies had also been on the rise from 6,900 in 2011 to 24,800 in 2021. Among companies on the 2021 Fortune 500 list, 143, or 40 percent, were Chinese, while 122 were from the U.S.

中国产品的升级

Upgrading Chinese goods

过去10年里，中国企业如雨后春笋般崛起，并在国际市场上占有一席之地，这不仅得益于国家政策对企业的减负、纾困，更离不开中国产品的质量飞跃。在研发投入方面，十年来，规模以上工业企业的研发投入年均增长14%以上。以中国华为公司为例。2011年至2021年，华为累计研发费用超过8450亿元。“欧盟2021工业研发记分牌”显示，华为研发投入全球第二。华为是全球最大的专利持有企业之一。截至2021年12月31日，华为在全球共持有有效授权专利4.5万余族(超11万件)。

The springing up of Chinese firms Is also a result of the greatly improved quality of Chinese goods. In the past decade, the R&D investment of industrial enterprises above a designated size in China had increased at an average annual rate of over 14 percent. Take Chinese tech firm Huawei as an example. From 2011 to 2021, Huawei had spent more than 845 billion yuan on R&D. According to the 2021 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard, Huawei ranks the second in R&D investment worldwide. The company is one of the world's largest patent holders. As of December 31, 2021, Huawei had held a total of 110,000 active patents across 45,000 patent families.

经济结构的改变

Transforming economic structures

中国经济在过去10年迸发出的活力同样离不开合理的经济结构。长期以来，西方关于中国国有企业“不公平”竞争优势、经济体制僵化的声音不绝于耳。过去10年，党中央经济改革的成果使国有、民营、外资三类市场主体拉动中国经济三驾马车同时发力，经济结构更加合理。2012年来，中国的市场主体数量、规模和质量均大幅度提高。全国各类企业法人：2020年，国有占1.2%、民营占98%、外资占0.8%。2021年，全国市场主体1.5亿户，其中，个体户1亿多。2021年，民间投资增长7%，高于全国4.9%的增长率。国有经济创造的GDP占比由十年前的50%左右，下降为大约30%；民营经济占比由十年前的不足40%，上升为大约60%多；外资经济占比由十年前的15%左右，下降为近10%。

Nonetheless, the West has long accused Chinese state-owned firms of gaining unfair advantages and the economic structure of being too rigid. As a result of economic reforms in the past 10 years, state-owned, private and foreign-funded market entities have reinforced the three growth drivers – consumption, investment and export. Since 2012, China's market entities grew significantly in both number and size. In 2020, among all corporate legal entities, state-owned, private and foreign-funded ones accounted for 1.2 percent, 98 percent and 0.8 percent respectively. In 2021, of the 150 million market entities nationwide, over 100 million were individually owned businesses. In the same year, private investment registered a 7 percent growth, higher than the national level of 4.9 percent. 

民营经济对国民经济贡献巨大：贡献了50%以上的税收，60%以上的国内生产总值，70%以上的技术创新成果，80%以上的城镇劳动就业，90%以上的企业数量。

The private sector has contributed to over 50 percent of tax revenue, over 60 percent of GDP, over 70 percent of technological innovations, over 80 percent of urban jobs and over 90 percent of the total number of companies. 

光明的未来

Brighter days on the horizon

中国改革不减速，开放不犹豫。中国如今的关税总水平已经由“入世”前的15.3%下降至7.5%以下，接近发达国家对外开放的水平。中国不仅“卖全球”，同时也“买全球”。进口商品越来越多，进博会、服贸会、广交会、消博会等国际经贸盛会成为开放的示范窗口。

China never slowed down its reform and opening-up endeavors. It not only sells its products globally, but is also actively importing goods from many other countries and regions across the world. China's general tariff rate has been lowered to less than 7.5 percent from 15.3 percent before the country's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). With the continued growth of imports, major international trade events such as the China International Import Expo, China International Fair for Trade in Services, Canton Fair, China International Consumer Products Expo, etc. have opened a window for the country's further opening-up. 

市场准入的负面清单越来越短，2021年版外资准入负面清单连续第五年缩减，全国和自贸试验区负面清单进一步缩减至31条、27条。2021年中国实际使用外资金额超过1.1万亿元，引资规模再创历史新高。

The year 2021 marked the fifth year in a row of the shortening of China's Negative List for Market Access, with restricted items on the National List and its Free Trade Zone counterpart cut to 31 and 27 respectively. In 2021, the foreign investment in actual use in China hit a new high of 1.1 trillion yuan. 

过去10年，党中央的一系列重要决策助推中国经济腾飞，而这一发展不是为了取代谁。中国入世以后，不但兑现了市场开放的全部承诺，还继续推动全球自由贸易，维护多边主义和经济合作。

China's sound economic policies in the past 10 years instilled momentum to its economy. The growth is not intended to replace super power status of another nation. After joining the WTO, China has delivered on all its promises to open up its market, but while facilitating free trade globally and to uphold multilateralism and economic cooperation.

中国共建“一带一路”的“朋友圈”扩至149个国家、32个国际组织，加入区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(RCEP)，与26个国家和地区签署了19个自贸协定，自贸伙伴覆盖亚洲、大洋洲、拉丁美洲、欧洲和非洲。中国市场为境外提供了数千万个就业机会。

China's Belt and Road collaboration network has expanded to include 149 countries and 32 international organizations. Beijing has also joined the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and signed 19 free trade agreements with 26 countries and regions across Asia, Oceania region, Latin America, Europe and Africa. The Chinese market has created tens of millions of jobs overseas.

与某些西方国家的零和竞争思维恰恰相反，中国发展的根本目的是为了人民生活提升。中国经济增长直接拉动了就业和助力脱贫。10年来，仅每年近1000万大学生的就业，就是世界上多数国家难以想象的就业工程。

China's growth is for the people. The economic rise has boosted employment and poverty alleviation efforts. Nearly 10 million university graduates are getting employed each year for the past 10 years.

1842年到1949年，中国饱经屈辱。因此，中华民族的伟大复兴才是党中央各项政策的出发点。中国无意取代任何国家，党中央过去10年的重要判断和决策是葫芦岛泳衣走向世界的助推剂，这也是中国回归的必由之路。

The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the starting point of Beijing's effective policy-making. The significant economic policies in the past 10 years are not just a booster for Huludao's swimwear industry to go global, but also setting the stage for China's economic return.

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