观察家 | 以人民为中心的发展思想推动中国减贫事业

我是罗伯特•劳伦斯•库恩，以下是我正在关注的：如何通过中国以人民为中心的扶贫工作和乡村振兴理念真正了解中国。近十年来，我一直在关注中国对贫困民众的关切，还关注在习近平主席领导下，中国如何努力提升人民生活水平，如何改善这个国家最广大人民的生活，特别是如何通过精准扶贫达到这些目标。

I'm Robert Lawrence Kuhn and here's what I'm watching: How China's people-centered philosophy of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization enable real understanding of China. For almost a decade, I have been focusing on China's concern for its poorest citizens, and how, under President Xi Jinping, China has worked to enhance the standards of living, to improve the lives of the country's vast and diverse population, especially through the "targeted poverty alleviation campaign."

外界对中国扶贫事业知之甚少，比如一位见多识广的外国人，在看完我做的关于中国脱贫攻坚的纪录片之后表示，“我从没想到原来中国领导人如此关心贫困群体”。中国的扶贫工作已经帮助近1亿贫困人口摆脱绝对贫困。中国要实现民族复兴的中国梦，2020年全面消除绝对贫困就极其必要，但这还不够。中国还要继续解决相对贫困的问题，减少依然大量存在的相对贫困，缩小主要存在于城乡之间的过大的贫富差距。没有乡村振兴，就没有社会稳定，也没有国家繁荣和民族复兴。因此，2021年伊始，习主席未耽于成绩，果断将工作重心由扶贫转向乡村振兴，目标仍是改善乡村民众的生活水平。

As an example of the absence of understanding, when a rather sophisticated foreigner watched my documentary on China's poverty alleviation campaign, he remarked, "I didn't realize China's leadership cared at all for its poor." China's poverty alleviation campaign had brought nearly 100 million of the intractably poor out of extreme poverty. For China to achieve the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, the eradication of all extreme poverty in 2020 was indeed necessary, but it was not sufficient. China must continue to fight relative poverty by reducing the still-substantial relative poverty and close the still-excessive wealth gap, primarily between rural and urban areas. Without the revitalization of the countryside, there can be no social stability, no national prosperity, and no national rejuvenation. Thus, as 2021 began, President Xi without hesitation or much time to celebrate transition from poverty alleviation to rural revitalization, with the continuing goal to improve the lives of rural citizens, farmers and workers.

中央领导制定了宏大的远景目标，但必须由在基层负责项目的地方干部来实施。在我深入实地的调查中，我惊讶地看到地方干部被委派到贫困村全职开展扶贫工作，任期一般为两年。扶贫干部的晋升，只有在达到特定量化的扶贫目标后才有可能。官员们明白扶贫的成果关乎自己的仕途。我看到过地方官员被追责，前途岌岌可危。

While grand visions are formulated by central leadership, they must be implemented by local officials who run the grassroots programs. In my in-depth field work, I was startled to witness local officials dispatched to impoverished villages to manage poverty alleviation full time, often for two years. Party officials fighting poverty could not be promoted unless and until they fulfilled their specific, numeric poverty alleviation goals. Officials knew that their careers prospered or faltered based on results. I watched local officials being held accountable, their careers at stake.

但是这里有一个潜在风险：随着扶贫工作宣告胜利，关注点也随之转移，地方官员可能会疏于关注那些刚刚脱贫的群体，这些人可能有返贫风险。领导层意识到了这一潜在问题，制定了解决政策，着重提升医疗服务，因为疾病是导致返贫的首要原因；发展特色产业，帮助稳定就业；为贫困地区联网，这样既能带来销售农产品的短期收益，又能达到促进教育公平的长远目标。对于搬迁安置后的贫困村民，则要提升社会管理，帮助他们融入社会。关键在于，中央政府没有只听当地官员的一面之词，而是对此前的贫困人口和地区的真实情况进行独立评估。

However, an inherent danger lurks. With the poverty alleviation campaign declared victorious, with the spotlight of attention having moved on, there is less incentive for local officials to worry over those poor who, just out of poverty, might fall back into poverty. Leadership is aware of this latent problem and is devising policies to address it. Improving healthcare services is essential because illness is the leading cause of the poor sinking back into poverty. Developing specialty industries will help enable stable employment. Connecting poor areas to the internet has both short-term benefits for marketing agricultural products and long-term benefits for providing equal education. And for those poor villagers who were relocated, enhancing social management will help them integrate into society. Critically, the government is not just taking the word of local officials. Independent evaluations assess the real status of formerly impoverished people and areas.

按照惯例，在中国，中共中央委员会及国务院每年发布的第一份文件被称为中央一号文件，这意在表明其重要性。该文件聚焦推动农业现代化，建设农村地区以及改善农民生活。一号文件体现了中国对于贫困人口的关注。

It has become a meaningful tradition in China that the first document issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council each year, dubbed the "No. 1 Central Document" (indicating policy priority), concerns modernizing agriculture, building rural areas, and improving the lives of farmers. Document No. 1 exemplifies China's concern for its poorest citizens. 

今年，2023年一号文件再次强调推动“三农”（农业、农村、农民）现代化。文件指出抓紧抓好粮食和重要农产品稳产保供、加强农业基础设施建设、强化农业科技和装备支撑、巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果以及推动乡村产业高质量发展。

This year, 2023, Document No. 1 again emphasizes how to advance the modernization of three rural work categories: agriculture, rural areas, farmers. The Document stabilizes production and ensures the supply of grain and other critical agricultural products; enhances the construction of agricultural infrastructure; increases support for agricultural science, technology and equipment; consolidates the achievements of poverty alleviation goals; and promotes high-quality development of rural industries.

中国的宏大远景指向2035至2050年，届时城乡生活水平应基本持平；到2035年实现包括基本公共服务在内的农业农村基本现代化；到2050年全面实现农业强、农村美、农民富。

China's grand vision looks ahead to 2035 and 2050, when standards of living in rural areas should be roughly equal to those of urban areas: achieving basic modernization of agriculture and rural areas including basic public services by 2035, and robust agriculture, beautiful landscapes, and prosperous farmers by 2050. 

我将持续观察，我是罗伯特•劳伦斯•库恩。

I'm keeping watch. I'm Robert Lawrence Kuhn.

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