《论中国》 | 中国减贫事业成功的秘诀

编者按：《论中国(China Talk)》为国内外各界人士提供了一个面向全球的演讲平台，分享他们的中国故事和对中国各领域的深入观察。中国如何做到消除绝对贫困，提前十年完成联合国2030年可持续发展议程中的减贫目标的？脱贫攻坚战打赢后，还面临哪些挑战？中国的哪些经验可能为其他发展中国家提供借鉴？在参加CGTN面向全球重磅推出的系列演讲《论中国（China Talk）》中，中国国际扶贫中心副主任李昕分享中国脱贫攻坚成功的秘诀。内容仅代表作者的观点，而非本台观点。

Editor's Note: China Talk is a global platform where policy makers, business leaders, specialists and scholars, as well as celebrities share their China story and their perspectives on China's development. China lifted nearly 100 million people out of absolute poverty, ten years ahead of the schedule of the UN 2030 Agenda. Now the mission is to guarantee no massive return to poverty. How can China make it? And how can China's anti-poverty experiences be copied elsewhere in the world? In China Talk, Li Xin, deputy director-general of the International Poverty Reduction Center in China shares her view. The article reflects the author's opinions and not necessarily those of CGTN.

Hello and welcome to China Talk. I am Li Xin, the deputy director-general of the International Poverty Reduction Center in China, abbreviated as IPRCC. Our center was set up as an international platform for research, training, exchange and cooperation on poverty reduction back in 2005. Every year, we hold many events with colleagues and friends from developing countries to share experiences and carry out cooperation.

大家好，欢迎收看《论中国》。我是中国国际扶贫中心（IPRCC）副主任李昕。我们中心成立于2005年，是一个致力于减贫研究、培训、交流和合作的国际平台。每年，我们都会与来自发展中国家的同仁和朋友举办许多活动，分享经验、开展合作。

In February 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping announced China's complete success in eradicating absolute poverty by the end of 2020, achieving the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, ten years ahead of schedule. As a member of IPRCC, I was often asked about China's anti-poverty experiences on various international occasions. Today, I would like to share some of my observations.

2021年2月，中国国家主席习近平宣布，中国在2020年底彻底消除绝对贫困，提前十年完成了联合国《2030年可持续发展议程》减贫目标。作为中国国际扶贫中心的一员，我经常在各种国际场合被问及中国的减贫经验。今天，我想分享一些我的看法。

The first question I was often asked is: What is China's poverty standard? Is it high or low?

我经常被问到的第一个问题是：中国的贫困标准是什么？究竟是高还是低？

Since the fight against poverty which began in 2012, the identification and lifting of the poor in China has been based on households, and the measurement standards are "one income line" and "two no worries and three guarantees."

自2012年启动脱贫攻坚战以来，中国对贫困人口的认定和帮扶均以家庭为单位，衡量标准是“一收入”和“两不愁三保障”。

"One income line" refers to the fact that the annual per capita net income steadily exceeds the current national poverty alleviation standard, which is 2,300 yuan per person per year at the 2010 constant price level. That is around 4,000 yuan or $570, at current prices.

“一收入”是指年人均纯收入稳定超过现行国家扶贫标准，以2010年不变价计算为每人每年2300元，现价约为4000元，即570美元。

"Two worry-frees and three guarantees" means to achieve stability without worrying about food, clothing, compulsory education, basic medical care and safe housing, plus safe drinking water.

“两不愁三保障”是指稳定实现不愁吃、不愁穿和基本医疗、义务教育、住房安全和饮用水安全有保障。

So we can tell that the measure for lifting the poor in China is a comprehensive multi-dimensional criterion, including not only an income line but also the realization of the right to survive and to develop. On the whole, it is higher than the absolute poverty line of the "2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" set by the UN in 2015, reflecting China's actual economic and social development.

可以看出，中国的扶贫标准是一个综合性的多维标准，不仅仅关注收入水平，还重视贫困人口的生存权和发展权。总体而言，这一标准高于2015年联合国《2030年可持续发展议程》中制定的绝对贫困线，反映了中国的经济社会发展实际。

And now comes to the second question: What did China do to eliminate poverty over entire regions and eradicate extreme poverty?

我常被问到的第二个问题是：中国究竟如何实现全域脱贫、消除极端贫困的？

In China, we have a nationwide database to identify people in need. Poor households were identified primarily based on their incomes, with consideration given to other factors such as housing, education and health. Then they are registered and a file is created in the national poverty alleviation information database. For this system, it will continue to work as the country works on preventing a falling back to poverty.

中国建立了全国性的扶贫数据库，用于识别需要帮扶的人群。贫困户的识别依据主要是收入，同时考虑住房、受教育程度和健康状况等。随后在全国扶贫开发信息系统中为贫困户建档立卡。该系统在防返贫工作中，也继续发挥了重要作用。

This 70-year-old man is Ma Yongchang. He is a farmer in Fengchi Village, Linfen City, in China's central Shanxi Province. In October 2021, a strong autumn flood hit his hometown. Ma Yongchang, along with over 400 thousand people, was affected badly. His family's only house was severely damaged. According to the policy, his family was included in the dynamic monitoring to prevent a return to poverty.

这位老人是马永昌，年逾古稀。他是山西省临汾市风池村的一位农民。2021年10月，他的家乡遭遇秋汛，包括马永昌在内的四十多万人受灾，损失惨重。马永昌家唯一的房子也受到严重破坏。按照政策，他家被纳入防返贫机制的动态监测。

Ma's family got help and their new house was built in about forty days. As you can see, he and his wife soon moved to a new house.

马永昌一家得到了帮助，大约40天左右，他们的新房子就建好了。您看，他和妻子很快就搬进了新家。

China has the political will from the top and the ability to mobilize grassroots officials to help the poor. Can China's anti-poverty model be copied elsewhere? As a member of IPRCC, that is one of the questions that I am most frequently asked.

中国上有打赢脱贫攻坚战的政治决心，下有调动基层干部开展精准扶贫的能力。那其他国家可否效仿中国的扶贫模式？作为中国国际扶贫中心的成员，这是我最经常被问到的问题。

China's poverty reduction cooperation projects with ASEAN countries have turned out to be successful. We help establish a production team in Laos to carry out activities, like cattle and poultry farming, corn and vegetable planting, weaving, and rural tourism. In Cambodia, we help carry out plans to increase income, which includes vegetable planting, cattle raising, and mushroom production. A poverty alleviation workshop to produce detergent is also set up for the locals in Cambodia. In Myanmar, we set up demonstration zones to show farmers how to better plant rice, sesame, peanuts and other crops, and help villagers find jobs in town after work skill training .

中国已在东盟国家成功实施了减贫合作项目。在老挝，我们协助当地建立生产队，开展养牛、养禽、种植玉米和蔬菜、编织和乡村旅游等。在柬埔寨，我们协助实施增收计划，包括种菜、养牛、种蘑菇等。我们还在当地设立了一个生产清洁剂的扶贫车间。在缅甸，我们建立了示范区，向农民展示如何更好地种植水稻、芝麻、花生等作物，并在对村民进行技能培训后，帮他们在镇上找到工作。

These pilot projects enable the villagers to learn technology, increase income, fire up motivation, and enhance self-development abilities.

这些试点项目让村民学到了技术，增加了收入，也激发了斗志，提升了自主发展能力。

Of course, it's worth noting that each country has its distinctive national conditions. Directly copying other countries' anti-poverty experiences may not work. It's a time-tested practice that all policies must adapt to the country's own national conditions. 

当然，需注意到各国的国情不同，照搬他国扶贫经验并不一定奏效。过去的实践证明，所有政策都必须适应本国国情。

If poverty is an economic phenomenon, then poverty alleviation has distinct political attributes. In the next step, we will continue to support the people who have been lifted out of poverty, ensure the steady and continuous growth of their income and move toward the goal of gradually achieving common prosperity shared by all people.

如果说贫困是一种经济现象，那么减贫则具有鲜明的政治属性。在下一步工作中，我们将继续支持已经脱贫的群众，确保他们的收入持续稳步增长，向着逐步实现全体人民共同富裕的目标迈进。

I'll stop here and thank you!

今天就分享到这里，谢谢！

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