美H-1B签证新规:对外来劳工更包容的紧身衣?
* “中美友好互信合作计划”是由复旦发展研究院和丰实集团共同打造的中美关系研究的学术平台
摘要
改革缘起与新规细节:
H-1B签证政策变更
薪资要求与申请资格:新规放宽了外籍人士符合H-1B签证的申请资格,特别是对大学研究员、非营利性医院员工等,他们不需要争抢签证名额,只要符合资格,即可获得签证。此外,营利性医院的外籍员工,若其工作主要与大学相关,也符合获得签证的资格。
抽签程序:新规定取消了“一人多抽”的现象,无论申请者被多少个雇主推荐,每个申请者在抽签过程中只能被考虑一次,有效避免了重复申请者的不公平优势;同时,要求抽签岗位必须符合专业-职业对应(H-1B Specialty Occupations)要求。以下2种情况则不可参与:(1)工商管理专业获得者申请金融类岗位;(2)某岗位对专业限制很宽松,各专业均可中请,则不属于专业岗位。
审批标准:新规还包括了“前例遵从”(Prior Experience)原则,即外籍人士为同一份工作申请H1B续签时,签证官必须批准,减少了审核时间和拒签案例。
自主担保:外国企业负责人可以担任自己申请H1B签证的担保人(Sponsor);而改革前除了非常少数的特例之外,专业人才申请H1B签证都必须是员工身分,而不是公司负责人。
宏观背景:
全球人才争夺战下的政策竞争
职业机会与挑战:
H-1B签证新规的“双刃剑”效应
未来前景:
适配新一轮产业竞争的改革动向
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2023. “DHS Issues Proposed Rule to Modernize the H-1B Specialty Occupation Worker Program | USCIS.” Www.uscis.gov. October 20, 2023. https://www.uscis.gov/newsroom/news-releases/dhs-issues-proposed-rule-to-modernize-the-h-1b-specialty-occupation-worker-program.
Ministry of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship. 2023. “Minister Fraser Launches Canada’s First-Ever Tech Talent Strategy at Collision 2023.” Www.canada.ca. June 27, 2023. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2023/06/minister-fraser-launches-canadas-first-ever-tech-talent-strategy-at-collision-2023.html.
Washington Post. 2023. “Opinion | for Proof of the U.S. Immigration System’s Dysfunction, Look to Canada.” Washington Post. July 14, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/14/canada-h1b-visa-immigration/
Hackman, Michelle. 2023. “H-1B Visa Program Changes Aimed at Stopping Applicants from Gaming Lottery.” WSJ. October 23, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/h-1b-visa-program-changes-aimed-at-stopping-applicants-from-gaming-lottery-3b962fb3.
Arakali, Harichandan. 2023. “H1B Changes Aimed at Curtailing Efforts to Game the Lottery System.” Forbes India. October 25, 2023. https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news/h1b-changes-aimed-at-curtailing-efforts-to-game-the-lottery-system/89219/1.
Upadhayay, Prapti. 2023. “DHS Proposes Changes in H1B Visa Lottery - Here’s Who Will Benefit from It.” Hindustan Times. October 21, 2023. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/dhs-proposes-changes-in-h1b-visa-lottery-here-s-who-will-benefit-from-it-101697910793400.html.
The White House. 2022. “FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Actions to Attract STEM Talent and Strengthen Our Economy and Competitiveness.” The White House. January 21, 2022. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/01/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-actions-to-attract-stem-talent-and-strengthen-our-economy-and-competitiveness/.
Werner, Erica. 2023. “High-Skilled Visa Holders at Risk of Deportation amid Tech Layoffs.” Washington Post, September 14, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2023/02/24/temporary-visa-h1b-tech-layoffs/.
John F Quill. "DHS Published Proposed H-1B Regulations." National Law Review, October 23,2023.
https://www.natlawreview.com/article/dhs-publishes-proposed-h-1b-regulations
Sanchari Ghosh. 'H1B visa selection process to see major changes soon:'Will increase chances for...' Livemint, October 23,2023.
https://www.livemint.com/news/world/h1b-visa-selection-process-to-see-major-changes-will-increase-chances-for-11697860019644.html
“4 Ways US Proposes to change H1B visa programme" The Times of India, October 27,2023.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/4-ways-us-proposes-to-change-h-1b-visa-programme/articleshow/104721385.cms
Immigration Officials Unevil Sweeping Proposed Changes to H-1B Visa Process:
What Employers Need to Do to Prepare.
https://www.fisherphillips.com/en/news-insights/immigration-officials-unveil-sweeping-proposed-changes-h1b-visa-process.html
Harichandan Arakali."H1B changes aimed at curtailing efforts to game the lottery system", Forbes India, October 25,2023.
https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news/h1b-changes-aimed-at-curtailing-efforts-to-game-the-lottery-system/89219/1
Thomas Claburn."H-1B fraud consultancies grow, with application abuse openly discussed online", The Register, July 1, 2023
https://www.theregister.com/2023/07/01/h1b_fraud/
Wright, Greg, and Emma Berman. 2023. “Industrial Policy Will Require Immigration Reform.” Brookings. September 29, 2023. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/industrial-policy-will-require-immigration-reform/
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“中美友好互信合作计划”是由复旦发展研究院和丰实集团共同打造的中美关系研究的学术平台,该平台通过课题研究和精英讲坛的联动运作方式,力求以最快的速度、最高的学术权威分析中美关系的热点问题。