佳文分享| 空间流行病学在围产医学中的应用疗方案
The following article is from 中华围产医学杂志 Author 孟君 张耀军等
孟君1 张耀军2 郑勤田3
1首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院妇产科 100069
2中国人民大学社会与人口学院 100872
3广州市妇女儿童医疗中心妇产科 510623
流行病学是研究健康与各类风险因素相关性的学科。对于环境因素引起的健康问题,准确识别尤其困难。生物、物理、社会与文化因素等是引起疾病的多种因素与人体的易感性结合,而导致疾病的发生。因此,确定疾病的发生原因需要整合多学科多视角进行观察研究。地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS)或地理空间方法(geospatial methods)可以整合多水平、空间、时间等因素,对引起流行病原因的确定更加准确。流行病发生的多因素性及地理空间分析工具的可用性,催生了流行病领域研究的协同与创新。空间流行病学涉及对发病案例的空间或地理分布图的分析,该学科最简单的形式是对发病者空间分布地图的解释及对这一格局形成过程进行统计分析。近年来信息技术和GIS的使用及创新的融合,为空间流行病学在公共健康领域的应用提供了前所未有的机遇[1-2]。
近10年来,随着空间流行病学在临床医学领域的发展,而在围产医学领域亦有所突破。空间流行病学在围产医学领域的研究主要集中在产科因素与社会因素的关系、环境因素(如空气污染及交通)与产科不良结局的关系等方面,现就此综述如下。一、产科因素和社会因素的关系Brantley等[4]采用地理可视化方法和进行曲面插值、最近邻和邻近性分析研究美国育龄妇女、围产医学(母胎医学和新生儿学)专家、产科和新生儿重症护理设施之间的空间关系,以确定卫生保健可及性方面的差距。结果显示,2013年10月,美国母胎医学专家与新生儿医生的比例为1∶2.5。2012年,每一个三级产科单位[以下简称产科重症监护病房(intensive care unit, ICU)]对应1.4个三级或以上新生儿重症监护病房(neonatal intensive care unit, NICU)。
随着社会医学模式的发展,从最初在传染病领域应用发展而来的空间流行病学,正逐步在围产医学领域体现其应用价值。越来越多的研究表明,围产期母体及胎儿异常与地域、环境、营养及社会人口因素相关。中国地域辽阔,地理环境及社会经济文化均有很大的不均衡性,如妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症、地中海贫血、Rh血型不合等妊娠合并症的发生有明显的地域相关性。围产期各种微量元素及营养素的补充也与当地的环境因素密切相关。随着国内相关领域大数据的建立,空间流行病学的开展为临床提供了相关的研究基础及条件,而且在围产医学领域疾病的发生发展规律研究、有限医疗资源的优化中有着广泛的应用前景。但由于空间流行病学与围产医学存在着深度交叉,因此,研究者对不同的学科领域要有较深的理解及合作。国内空间分析技术的应用开展有限,初始工作有一定的难度。因此,需要临床工作者对这一领域有更多的关注及努力。
本文引用格式:孟君,张耀军,郑勤田.空间流行病学在围产医学中的应用[J]. 中华围产医学杂志, 2020,23(4):272-275. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn113903-20190918-00571
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来源:中华围产医学杂志