2022届高考英语一轮复习 阅读理解讲义

第一讲 命题突破

I 细节理解题

细节理解题通常针对文章中叙述的人物、事物、现象或理论等进行提问，题目难度不大，题干中一般会出现表述较为具体的关键词，考生在审题后可快速锁定关键词并在文章中寻找相应的细节描述。

有时候，虽然题干中提供了关键词，但通过题目的提问方式我们会发现，简单地回文搜索关键词已不能满足做题需求。这时，通过审题来帮助我们提前决定解题方式就很有必要了。

一、直接细节题

此类试题是对原文直接信息的考查，考生理解字面意思答题。

在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提问。此类试题选项多采用原文中的信息直接进行考查，不需要考生进行推断。做题时，考生可以在文章中找到与答案有关的直接信息。此类试题一般不会涉及全文的主旨，考生只要把选项内容与原文内容认真对比即可确定答案。广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等类别的文章，常涉及直接细节题。常见的设题方式有：

Which of the following statements is（NOT）mentioned？

Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of...？

Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of./relationship of...？

The author mentions all of the items listed below EXCEPT

例：

Prizes

3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D. C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner's choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office National Geographic World

6 First Prizes: The book Shy Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.

50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart's final flight.

 What will each of the honorable mention winners get?

A. A plane ticket

B. A book by Corinne Szabo

C. A special T-shirt

D. A photo of Amelia Earhart

解：正确答案：C。考查细节理解。根据Prizes部分的50 Honorable Mentions中的内容可知，评委选出的50名荣誉奖获得者会获得一件T恤衫。

二、间接细节题

需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理才能得出答案此类试题介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间。四个选项不出现原文中的直接信息，考生需借助同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行变换，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别。常见的设题方式有：

According to the passage，who/what/which/when/where/why how/how many/how much/how long/how soon/how often.？

What does the writer pay the least attention to？

The author/passage does not tell us…

Which of the following does not explain

例：

As data and identity theft becomes more and more common，the market is growing for biometric（生物测量）technologies-like fingerprint scans-to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present these technologies are still expensive，though.

Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（装置）that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence（节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.

Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?

A.To reduce pressure on keys

B To improve accuracy in typing

C.To replace the password system

D.To cut the cost of e-space protection

解：细节理解题。根据第一段的内容，尤其是第二句“At present，these technologies are still expensive，though.”可知，现有的生物识别技术价格昂贵。根据第二段的第一句“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard.”可知，同样能够保护私人电子空间的智能键盘成本较低，故选D项。

II 主旨要义题

主旨大意题主要考查考生对全文的内容或某一段的内容加以合理地归纳，目的是检查对短文整体或某一段落的理解概括能力。该类题目是高考中的难点之一，也是区分度较大的题目。主要考查：最佳标题；概括文章的中心思想；段落大意。此类题正确选项的特点：通常不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词；能概括文章（或段落）的全部内容。干扰项的特点：以偏概全；选项过于笼统；选项内容是命题者杜撰的；选项与主题无关。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都永远把主旨大意题作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。

一、明确主旨要义类题目的常用命题形式

1.The main idea/key point of this passage is that

2.The passage is mainly about

3.The best title/headline for this passage is

4.The topic/subject discussed in this passage

5.From the passage we can learn/conclude that

6.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with

7.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？

8.Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？

例：

Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel's"me"time. And like more Americans, she's not alone.

A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.

……

 That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table."It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology, "said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report.

What is the text mainly about?

A. The trend of having meals alone

B. The importance of self-reflection

C The stress from working overtime

D.The advantage of wireless technology

解：正确答案：A。通读全文可知，在美国，随着科学技术的发展，人们用餐时有了选择的自由，更多人喜欢独自一个人吃饭，单独用餐逐渐成为一种趋势。A项切题。由于受到文中的 smartphones，the advances in technology等信息的干扰，部分考生易误选D项。注意文章中提到的两个人愿意独自用餐的例子是为了说明单独用餐是一种趋势，并非侧重讲科技发展，因此排除D项。

二、如何找主题句

段落的主题通常由被称为主题句的句子来表示。

主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在段落中间。在非故事性文章中，主题句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主题句，而是把主题隐含在段意之中。例如：

It's 3 o'clock and you've been hard at work. As you sit at your desk，a strong desire for chocolate overcomes you. You try to busy yourself to make it go away. But it doesn't. Here is another situation，Perhaps you are not feeling well. The only thing you want to eat is a big bowl of chicken soup，like your mom used to make when you were sick as a child. Food cravings are a strong desire for a specific type of food. And they are normal.

本段文字以介绍个人的某些经历开篇，以此为最后的结论做出铺垫。段末则总结得出“food cravings”这一话题，指出这为正常现象，下文则要围绕这一话题具体展开论述，由此判断本段最后两句便为主题句。

有些段落有明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有for example，an example of，the most important example，first，second，next，then，last，finally，to begin with，also，besides hat等。

在阅读中，应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从某段落中的 for example可以断定上一句是主题句。如果无明显的信息词，可先假设第一句为主题句，在第二句前面添加一个 for example，看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话，如果第二句不能支撑第一句话，便在其他地方找出主题句。例如:

Famous people have a lot of influences on cultural trends like it or not. When Oprah goes on a 21-day vegan diet，It makes the headlines. When Amal Clooney wears a Stella McCartney dress，sales go way up.

本段文字中先提出名人会影响文化潮流的论断，然后以Opah”和“Stella McCartney”的例子说明这一论断，首句之后可以用“For example”引出下文，故首句为段落主题句。

例：

The number of trees larger than two feel across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46.000 square miles of California forests，the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected，from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country，the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.

What is the second paragraph mainly about？

A.The seriousness of big-tree loss in California

B.The increasing variety of California big trees

C.The distribution of big trees in California forests

D.The influence of farming on big trees in California

解：正确答案：A。由本段中的“The number of trees...declined by 50 percent…of California forests"，."…the number of big trees has fallen by more than55 percent”，"…the decline was nearly75 percent” 可知，本段主要描述了加利福尼亚州森林中大树急剧减少的现象。B项“加利福尼亚州大树的多样性不断增加”，C项“加利福尼亚州森林中大树的分布”，D项“农耕对加利福尼亚州大树的影响”，均与本段的主要内容不符。

三、如何略读归纳中心思想

略读是概括和归纳段落中心思想的手段。略读是指人们以可能达到的最快速度所做的阅读。略读的技巧如下：

1.顺行快速向前移动眼睛，千万不要停顿或复视。

2.把注意力集中在关键词上。关键词都是实词，如名词、形容词、数词、动词和副词等。介词、冠词、连接词、语气词、代词（一般性的代词）以及助动词和情态动词等都不是关键词

3.将关键词扩大为能够表达概念的词组，即语意群，按语意群进行阅读。

4.遇到生词尽量猜，猜不出的生词可跳过去。

5.首先对关键词进行数量上的加工，筛选出最能表达作者意图的关键词及其概念。然后对这些概念进行质的加工，即对已产生的概念重新在头脑中编码，以确定作者在文章中表达的真正意图（中心思想）。

6.初次练习时，可将关键词画出来。待读完一遍之后，回过头来将所画的关键词再看一遍。练习一段时间以后，不要再把关键词画出来，在阅读过程中尽量用脑子记下来。

四、如何拟标题

有明确主题句的段落标题的拟定方式是：以表示主题的词为核心，把它与表示控制概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为能高度概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。

例：

For Western designers，China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative. "It's no secret that China has always been a source（来源）of inspiration for designers，"says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks，a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion（时尚）shows For Hill，it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion."The most famous designers are Chinese，so are the models，and so are the consumers，"she says China is no longer just another market in many senses it has become the market.If you talk about fashion today，you are talking about China——its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes，and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”

What can be a suitable title for the text？

A.Young Models Selling Dreams to the World

B.A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York

C.Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics.

D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends

解：本文主要介绍了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。故选D。A项（向世界推销梦想的年轻模特）与文章内容不符；B项（在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展）以偏概全；C项（东西方美学的差异）未提及。

五、怎样去找文章的中心或主题

通读全文，抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义进行加工提炼，通过对语篇结构的分析即文章内部各层次间的逻辑关系将每段的主题综合起来，找出文章的中心。对于答案的选择，要看所给内容是否真正能概括全文中心，那些只能概括部分内容或只呈现文中具体某点的选项要首先排除，当然，与文章毫不相关的选项更能轻松排除。

六、应注意的问题

1.仔细审题，看好范围。搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的中心思想。正确选项的特点是：一般不出现细节信息；不含过于肯定或绝对的词语。

2.使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍。在阅读中，应尽量利用有关信息词确定主题句的位置，比如在for example，first，second等之前的句子中或在 all in al，above all之后的句子中寻找并确定。

3.特别注意全文或所问段落的首句和尾句，因为它们常常是主旨要义的体现。段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句；作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨；首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答通常就是文章主旨；同时还要注意那些提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示：therefore，thus，but，however，in short 等。

4.进行分析概括，准确找出主旨要义。对于主题隐含的段落，要先弄清问题的意思，然后快速通读文章，逐项排除最终确定答案。

5.作者的写作目的通常有三种：娱乐读者；说服读者接受某种观点；告知读者某些信息。考生应在理解全文的基础上领会作者意图。

6.标题的选择要在阅读原文的基础上仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系，对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，避免以下三种错误：概括不够（多表现为部分代替整体）；过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意。

 例：

III 推理判断题

推理判断题是历年高考英语的命题集中点，包括判断和推理两个方面，属于深层理解题，一般难度较高，得分率较低，其比例占30%~40%。从历年的高考阅读理解题来看，推理判断题一般可以归纳为五大题型：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图题、观点态度题和篇章结构题。预计高考阅读理解题中的推理判断题仍将是考查的重点，应引起考生的重视。

一、解题原则要牢记

推理判断题要求考生能够充分理解阅读文章，分析语篇特征、寻找解题依据，在领会全文的基础上做出正确的推理和判断。

首先，要理解文章的字面意思，弄清上下文的整体逻辑；

其次，在阅读过程中要注意作者遣词造句中的深层次；

第三，要通读题干，充分了解题目要求我们进行推理和判断的内容和方向，以免白费力气。

最后，仔细挖掘作者隐藏在文章中的一些重要含义，切勿用自己的主观判断来代替文章内容，勿用观点代替事实。需注意：有的题目的推理即为原文具体层面的“同义变化”，所涉及的逻辑关系都是最简单的逻辑判断，一步即可推得，考生千万不能人为地把问题复杂化，推理很多步，反而得出错误的答案。推理的基础是原文内容，而不是自己的经验和主观判断。

二、有效信息会识别

推理判断题失分的一个主要原因是考生看着题目不知道去文章的什么地方找出题点，定位点找不对既浪费了解题时间，也得不出正确答案。其实，推理判断题的出题点非常稳定，通过对近5年真题命题规律的分析，不难发现，有些题

型就是在考查对段落中心的理解，所以大家需要熟知段落中心的考点标记，从而快速将文章中的出题点信息和选项间进行比对、匹配。吻合段落中心意思的为正确答案。

寻找段落中心方法：

1.逻辑上出现转承关系的句子（转折、因果、递进，即有therefore，thus，but，however，in short，all in all等提示词的句子）。

2.有明确表示观点的路标指引词（think，believe，deny acknowledge，insist，according to，claim.）

3.含有情态动词的句子（should，must..）

4.含有特殊标点的句子（冒号、单破折号、引号、分号）。

5.特殊句型（疑问句、倒装句、强调句、省略句）。

6.平铺直叙段落中，注意首末句。

三、答案特征需明辨

命题人在设置选项时，正确选项和错误选项各有对应的特点和规律。考生若熟知这些特点和规律，可提升答题的正确率。

1.正确答案选项的特点

1）内容的含义比较丰富，具有综合性和概括性，尤其是当四个选项都符合常识或者题目意思的时候，意义最丰富的那个选项往往是正确答案。

2）正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，不会用绝对词汇，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often，usually， sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。

3）正确答案有时反而与我们通过常识判断得出的结论相反。因此，如果四个选项中有三个看上去与常识的判断相符，而余下的那一个却是反常识的，那么可考虑那个选项是否为正确答案。

4）选项与原文有同义置换的词的密度越大，成为正确答案的概率越大。

2.干扰答案选项的特点

1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当成间接推理。

2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果，把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的。

3）根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点，因此，考生要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理，因为命题者考查的是考生揣摩作者意图的能力。

4）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头、概括过度；有部分选项的内容纯属编造。

四、做题顺序听建议

这里只强调做题顺序，主要有两种A→Q→A （A=Article, Q=Question）,即先从整体去阅读文章，后看问题或者Q→A→Q，即先把整个问题快速看一遍，然后带着问题在文章中找答案。建议大家选用后者。此种方法节省时间，针对性很强。

五、几种常见的解题思路

推理判断题是阅读理解的一个重要题型，属于深层次理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节分析，进行推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层意义和隐含意义。推理判断题分为细节推断题（如人物性格特征，事件因果）、观点态度推断题、意图目的推断题、文章出处或读者对象推断题及下文内容推断题等。

1.细节推断题

细节推断题考查的内容虽属于原文的细节，但要求考生在原文基础上对文章信息进行分析、理解、推断，立足于已知推断未知。解题原则是“忠于原文，只推一步”。考生解答细节推断题时，首先要定位信息，通过寻读，找到相关信息点；然后进行字面理解，弄懂相关信息点的字面意思；再进行信息整合，由因推果，由果推因；由一般推特殊，由特殊推一般；由具体推抽象，由抽象推具体。然后做出符逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。细节推断题的答案不能在文章中直接找到，但是考生可在文章中寻找并确定推断的依据，推断出隐藏的深层含义，要做到判断有据、推断有理。

例1（2019课标全国I D篇节选）

During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes，which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. … （paragraph 1）

32.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school？

A Unkind. B Lonely. C Generous. D Cool

解析：本题为细节推断题。根据节选的首句内容可知，作者在上小学的时候喜欢分享玩具娃娃和笑话，因此可推断出作者是慷慨的。

答案 C

例2（2019课标全国Ⅱ B篇节选）

I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule，sends out emails，and elects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of them....（paragraph 3）

26.What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3？

A.She gets interested in lacrosse

B.She is proud of her kids

C.She'll work for another season

D.She becomes a good helper

解析：本题为细节推断题。根据节选部分的内容“我放心了，因为分享志愿者责任在许多人中间都有着真正的力量，这位起初不情愿的家长安排饮食计划、发邮件、为项目结束购买礼物筹集资金，一路走来，这位家长最终成为他们当中一位最有价值的成员。”可知这位家长做得很好，成了一个好帮手。

答案D

例3（2019课标全国Ⅱ C篇节选）

A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half（53 percent）have breakfast alone and nearly half（46 percent）have lunch by themselves. Only dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent according to statistics from the report. (paragraph 2)

28.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about？

A. Food variety B. Eating habits C. Table manners D. Restaurant service

解析：本题为细节推断题。根据节选部分的内容“46%的美国人独自吃饭，超过53%的人独自吃早餐，46%的人独自吃午餐，只有在晚饭时间才一块吃饭的人占74%”，这些统计数据是关于饮食习惯的。故选B。

答案 B

例4（2019课标全国Ⅱ C篇节选）

Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little Interaction（交流）.…（paragraph4）

30.What do we know about Mazoleny？

A.He makes videos for the bar

B.He's fond of the food at the bar

C. He interviews customers at the bar.

D.He's familiar with the barkeeper

解析：本题为细节推断题。根据节选最后一句内容可知，如果他想与人交流，就和酒吧老板聊天，通常直呼其名。这说明他和酒吧老板很熟。

答案：D

例5（2019江苏C篇节选）

The question，however，is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells，extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages…（paragraph 4）

62. The example in paragraph 4 suggests that donators should            .

A take people's essential needs into account

B.make their programmes attractive to people

C.ensure that each child gets financial support

D provide more affordable internet facilities

解析：本题为细节推断题。根据节选部分的内容“然而，问题是这是不是发展中国家最需要的，也许提供资金办些不太时髦的事情，譬如打井、铺设电网、制造更多能够买得起的洗衣机，比起给每个孩子一台笔记本电脑或者在乡村建网络中心更能改善人们的生活。”可以推断出，捐赠者在捐赠时要考虑人们的基本生活需求。

答案：A

2.观点态度推断题

文章中作者对某人或某事的观点态度、文章中涉及的人或组织机构的观点态度是常考内容。在记叙文中，作者往往不直接提出观点，考生在阅读文章时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词或短语，从而推断出作者或文中人物的言外之意。

例1（2019江苏C篇节选）

Who cares if people think wrongly that the internet has had more important influences than the washing machine？Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes？（paragraph 1）

Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies，both at the national and the international levels，and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However，our fascination with the latest，and our under-valuation of what has already become common，can，and has，led us in all sorts of wrong directions.（the last paragraph）

64.What can we learn from the passage？

A People should be encouraged to make more donations

B Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.

C Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.

D Economic policies should follow technological trends

解析：本题为观点态度推断题。根据节选的首段和尾段可知，新科技固然重要，但我们不能盲目夸大新科技的影响力，这样可能甚至已经把人们误导到了各种错误的方向。由此可以推断出的结论是：如今传统科技仍然占有一席之地。

答案B

例2（2019浙江A篇节选）

Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby. He finds old military（军队的）medals for sale in antique stores and on the Internet But unlike most collectors. Zac tracks down the medals' rightful owners，and returns them.(paragraph 1)

Through the Internet，Zac tracked down Corrado's sister Adeline Rockko. But when he finally reached her，the woman flooded him with questions："Who are you？What antique shop？However，when she hung up，she regretted the way she had handled the call. So she called Zac back and apologized. Soon she drove to meet Zac in Watertown，N.Y."At that point I knew she meant business，"Zac says. "To drive eight hours to come to see me."（paragraph 3）

22.What did Zac realize when Adeline drove to meet him？

A She was very impolite

B She was serious about the medal

C She suspected his honesty

D She came from a wealthy family.

解析：本题为观点态度推断题。由节选部分中的“At that point，I knew she meant business," Zac says."To drive eight hours to come to see me."可知，Zac意识到 Adeline对待奖牌是认真的。

答案B

例3（2019天津B篇节选）

Most of my reading through primary，middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge，and to make A's on my tests. Occasionally，I would read a novel that was assigned，but I didn't enjoy this type of reading. I like facts things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.（paragraph 4）

43.What was the author's view on factual reading？

A.It would help her update test-taking skills.

B.It would allow much room for free thinking.

C.It would provide true and objective information.

D.It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.

解析：本题为观点态度推断题。根据节选部分中的“I like facts，things that are concrete.”可以推断出，作者认为事实阅读提供的是真实且客观的东西。

答案C

3.意图目的推断题

意图目的推理判断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章陈述的事实，使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意，同时要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。当然，有时候也会考查考生推断开展某项活动的目的意图，要通过对事件的起因和事件发起人的愿望推断出目的和意图来。

例1（2019课标全国Ⅰ B篇节选）

Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀）about themselves Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities Whaley says，"is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident."(paragraphs 5—6)

26.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to       .

A help students see their own strength

B assess students' public speaking skills

C prepare students for their future jobs

D inspire students' love for politics

解析：本题为意图目的推断题。根据节选部分的内容可知，二年级竞选总统活动的目的是让孩子们夸耀自己“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities”意思就是看到他们自己的优点。

答案A

例2（2019浙江B篇节选）

People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars many others pinned their own cash to the board." People of all ages，races，and socio-economic back grounds gave and took," said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox，which created the project We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars. "Most of the bills on the board were singles，but a few people left fives，tens twenties. The video clip（片段）shows one man who had found a $20 bill pinning it to the board.（paragraph 2）

25.What did Bridges want to show by mentioning bride？

A Women tended to be more sociable.

B The activity attracted various people

C Economic problems were getting worse

D Young couples needed financial assistance

解析：本题为意图目的推断题。根据节选的第二段中People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars，many others pinned their own cash to the board." People of all ages races, and socio-economic backgrounds gave and took,"可以推知，作者提及“甚至有位新娘穿着结婚礼服来取钱”是要说明这项活动吸引了各种各样的人。

答案B

例3（2019天津D篇节选）

The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. (paragraph 5)

54.What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5?

A tough man can tolerate suffering

B A wise man can live without self-pity

C A man should try to satisfy people around him

D A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.

解析：本题为意图目的推断题。根据节选的第五段中We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please some people are never going to love us."可推断出，作者在本段想告诉我们应该学会一些应对生活的恰当方式。

答案：D

4.文章出处或读者对象推断题

推断文章出处和读者对象的题目，首先要从文章的体裁和内容着手，弄清文章的中心话题，然后根据话题，确定文章来源和读者对象。如：新闻、广告应出现在报纸、网络上；科普类文章应出现在科学杂志上或报纸的科学版块上；对子女的教育话题的读者对象应该是父母。

例（2019课标全国1 C篇节选）

As data and identity theft becomes more and more common，the market is growing for biometric（生物测量）technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present，these technologies are still expensive，though.

Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（装置）that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence（节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus，the keyboard can determine people's identities and by extension，whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right. (paragraphs 1-2)

31.Where is this text most likely from?

A.A diary

B A guidebook.

C.A novel

D.A magazine

解析：本题为文章出处推断题。根据节选的文章前两段内容可知，作者介绍了一款新的智能键盘，所以该篇文章最可能出现在报纸、网站杂志上，不会出现在小说、日记、旅游手册中。

答案 D

例2（2019课标全国Ⅲ D篇节选）

Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.

A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or Juice as a reward

The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.

Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone，who led the team，described the experiment:…

 After running hundreds of tests,…

When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely，…（paragraphs 1-5）

35.In which section of a newspaper may this text appear？

A Entertainment

B Health

C Education

D Science

解析：本题为文章出处推断题。根据节选的文章第一至五段相关内容可知，文章首先给出了猴子对数字有一定概念的结论，然后介绍研究人员对猴子的数字试验的步骤及实验结果，这类主题与环境、健康没关系，而与教育相比，科研版

块更适合实验研究类文章。

答案 D

5.下文内容或事件发展结果推断题

此类题目要求考生根据语篇对事件可能的结局和下段可能涉及的内容进行预测。解这类题目时，考生应把握作者的写作思路和文章的篇章结构，根据文章最后一段的描述做出合情合理的预测。

例：（2018北京 C篇节选）

Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills But she expects he chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply"millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic."(the last paragraph)

45.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might          .

A help to raise worms

B help make plastic bags

C be used to clean the oceans

D be produced in factories in future

解析本题为事件发展结果推断题。根据节选的文章最后一段内容“Bertocchini赞同并希望她的团队的发现有一天会帮助利用这种酶去分解垃圾填埋场的塑料，但她期待在某种工业过程中使用这种化学物质，而不是简单地把大量的虫子扔在塑料堆上”可以推断出，今后可能会在工厂生产这种酶。

答案 D

IV 推测词义题

1.依据定义推测词义

在许多情况下，文章的作者估计某个词一般读者不熟悉，则会在文章中给出该词的定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解释部分，读者便可理解该词的基本含义。线索词有that，which，is等。

例1 Ventilation，as you know，is a system or means of providing fresh air.It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.

解析：句中的“Ventilation”可能是个生词，但is后面是对该词的明确定义。什么系统或什么手段才能提供新鲜空气呢？由此推断画线词意为“通风系统”。

2.依据同位语推测词义

通常引出该词同位语的词或短语有or，that is，in other words等，还有的同位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后考生可较易找到同画线词意义相同或相近的词。

例2 Before the main business of a conference begins，the chairman usually makes a short preliminary speech，or makes a few preliminary remarks. In other words，he says a few things by way of introduction.

解析：根据下文的线索词 In other words和其后的内容可推断 preliminary speech的意思是在开会之前主席所做的一些简单的介绍，或者说是“开场白”。

例3 In fact，only about 80 ocelots，an endangered wild cat，exist in the U.S.today.

解析：由同位语 an endangered wild cat可迅速推断画线词 ocelots是指一种濒临灭绝的野猫。

3.依据文章中的举例推测词义

在阅读理解中，考生可以根据文章所举的例子，从具体到一般，推断出该生词的意思。

例4 The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states.It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union，third world debt，local and international disagreement，and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations，the European Union，NATO，and the World Bank.

解析：根据 such as后面列举的一系列例子可推断句中的 issues应该是指“议题”。

4.依据对比关系或比较关系的词语推测词义

当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时，往往会运用对比的手法，即运用有对比关系的词语，例如反义词，也可以暗示出生词的含义。能体现对比关系或比较关系的词汇很多，主要有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead，like，similarly，on the contrary，In contrast to等。标点符号中的分号也可表示对比。

例5 A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle ; It can be a basket of fun.

What does the underlined word "hassle" probably mean？

A.A party designed by specialists

B A plan requiring careful thought

C A situation causing difficulty or trouble

D A demand made by guests

解析：根据分号可知句子前后为对比关系，这里 hassle和 a basket of fun是相反的意思，由此推断答案为C。

答案 C

例6 Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

解析：该句中的副词 similarly表明 loves to talk 和loquacious之间是比较关系，其意义相近。由此可推断loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。

5.依据构词法推测词义

分析复合词：如果一个生词是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的复合词，可以从该词的各个部分的特定意思及联系上下文推测出该词的意思。考生同时要了解构词法知识。

例7 Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools？

解析：根据词根 educational（教育的），结合前缀co（共同，一起）和 single-sex schools，可推测 co-educational 的意思是“男女同校的”。

例8 It's a quiet，comfortable hotel overlooking the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point.

解析：后缀“-ize”的意思是“使成为……；使…化”，结合词根 commercial（商业的），可推测“uncommercialized”的意思为“未被商业化的”。

6.依据上下文语境，通过对应结构或平行结构中的同义词、反义词推测词义

例9 Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs？The answer is "yes"，according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.

解析：根据 and three other medical centers这种并列关系可推断“Johns Hopkins”是一家医疗中心。

7.依据因果关系推测词义

因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。常见的表示因果关系的词汇有 since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so that, so...that, such…that等。

例10 I feel that since you are my superior，it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.

 The word "presumptuous" in the sentence is closest in meaning to"      " .

A full of respect

B too confident and rude

C lacking in experience

D too shy and quiet

解析：根据 since引导的原因状语从句的内容（既然你是我的上司），可以推断出“presumptuous”的意思为"自负的，放肆的"

答案 B

8.利用上下文来推测词义

例11（2019课标全国Ⅱ B篇节选）

I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule，or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on…At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, "Alright.Yes, I'll do it."

What does the underlined phrase "tug at the heartstrings" in paragraph 2 mean?

A Encourage teamwork

B Appeal to feelings

C Promote good deeds

D Provide advice

解析：根据逻辑信号词“So”和关键词“persuading”可初步推断画线短语的意思与“说服”或“劝说”相关；再根据下文作者为打感情牌所列举的种种困难以及关键信息“Alright Yes，I'll do it.”可推断出“我”成功地触动了对方的心弦。

答案 B

三、推测画线句子的含义

1.根据上下文，利用顺向或反向关系推测句子的含义

例1 Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge Hilton is building its own hotel there，which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars，the Lear Lounge，the Banquo Banqueting Room，and so forth，and will be very expensive.

By saying "Stratford cries poor traditionally"，the author implies that            .

A Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects

B Stratford has long been in financial difficulties

C the town is not really short of money

D the townsfolk used to be poorly paid

解析：推测“Stratford cries poor traditionally”的暗含意义，不能只看画线句本身，要结合前后文看作者的主要意图是什么。原句说 Stratford小镇经常哭穷，但根据 Nevertheless可判断出前后句之间是相反关系，因而判定画线句与下文语义相反，即可根据反向关系推测前文所说情况并非真实，即小镇并非真的穷。下文的具体内容也印证了这一点，如：

"Hilton is building its own hotel there" "and will be very expensive"，由此可知小镇在建设希尔顿酒店并且装修非常昂贵，说明小镇并不是真的穷。

答案 C

2.结合主语，寻找对应结构来推测句子的含义

例2 Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession（经济衰退）threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the Internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.

By saying "Newspapers like…their own doom.", the author indicates that newspapers            .

A neglected the sign of crisis

B failed to get state subsidies

C were not charitable corporations

D were in a desperate situation

解析：解答该题的关键在于抓住描述的对象即报纸。首先，确定定位的对象发生了什么事，结合上下文谈及报纸的句子“Whatever happened to the death of newspapers?”和“how to save newspapers”可知，本段说明报纸面临灭亡的命运，在讨论如何拯救它们。所以这句话也应在谈论报纸的命运问题，而且意思应该是一致的。

答案 D.

第二讲 话题突破

I 社会文化类

文化类文章的选材一般以中西方文化差异或者社会文化现象为重点，如礼仪、语言、生活习惯，价值观等，题材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面的内容。体裁以议论文、记叙文居多，但是也有说明文。而且往往一篇文章表达一个主题。

文化类阅读理解的设题一般都是以考查文章的细节为主，兼顾考查考生推理判断的能力。因此，考生答题时要能准确定位，根据试题要求到文章中去寻找相应的答案。做这类题时，考生的英语语言知识和社会常识都发挥着重要的作用，遇到熟悉的题材时，若对题目把握不准，考生可以在立足文章内容的基础上结合社会常识来解答此类题。

对英语语言、社会、文化的了解是一个长期的过程，在复习时要注意：

1.增加英语词汇量、掌握语法和习惯用法。

在复习过程中加强对语言基础知识的掌握。普通中学毕业生应具备2000~3500的词汇量，并掌握其词类、意思和基本用法。掌握句子结构和句子成分之间的关系。熟悉固定词组、固定搭配等约定俗成的语法项目。

2.扩大知识面，认真研读历届高考题。

从近年的高考题看，阅读内容的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会文化背景知识，因此，要阅读更多关于社会文化背景知识的内容，通过阅读丰富自己的知识。同时，要认真研读近五年的高考篇目，增加语言经验，适应选材特点，熟悉题材和体裁，了解设问形式，感悟设问特点。

II 科普知识类

从文章的体裁看，这类文章一般都是说明文，通过对某种自然现象、某项科学研究、某个最新发现等的详细描述，让大家认识、了解某方面的科学知识，并学会在生活中运用这种知识。有时候科普知识类文章的体裁也可能为记叙文，通常叙述与某项发明或发现相关的人物及事件。

科普知识类文章的设题一般都以考查文章的细节为主。因此，答题时，只要抓住主要信息，仔细比较题目与原文信息的异同，一般便可以作出正确选择。不过，这类题目的文章往往专业性较强，专业术语多，阅读起来较为困难，但是，这类题目的命题一般都很简单，且生词不会影响考生做题。因此，做题时要学会“跳读”，即要跳过有些不影响做题和理解文章内容的生词，只要抓住核心词句即可。

III 人物故事类

这类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类。人物传记主要涉及某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。短篇故事与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描述的是某一件具体事情的发生、发展或结局有人物、时间、地点和事件。

人物故事类文章一般较长，题目多为细节理解题和推理判断题。考生在做此类阅读理解题时往往有材料看得懂但题目不好做的感觉。因此，考生在阅读文章时要把重点放在事情发展的过程和结果进程及人物之间的关系、细节与主题的关系及用以说明人物性格特点的事实、作者的态度等，这些内容往往是推理判断题的命题点。掌握了这些内容，考生在做推理判断题时，就不会以个人思维想象代替根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断，也只有这样才不会以偏概全。至于细节理解题的解答，考生切忌想当然或者凭印象，一定要找到文章中的原句和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择。

IV 应用广告类

高考广告类短文贴近学生生活，如学习、旅游、保健、购物、招生、招聘、餐饮、网络交流等，这类短文有以下几个特点：

（1）篇幅短小，形式灵活，信息量大。无论整篇广告还是数则广告，都很短小精悍，但其中的信息可能较多甚至较为纷繁。（2）用词和句法简练。广告用词筒单，句法以简单句为主，目的是让读者一目了然，很快捕捉到信息。（3）专有名词和缩略词多。广告涉及的商品和活动以及人物等经常以专有名词出现，而时间、地点等经常以缩略词出现。（4）生词多。广告涉及领城众多、涉及面广，因此会有生词，但往往不影响阅读。

广告类短文的试题多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题，即考查考生对广告具体细节的了解、分析和概括等能力。阅读此类短文需要考生具备较好的 skimming（略读）和 scanning（细查）的阅读技能，即快速读懂文章大意和寻找目标信息。

1.题干定位法：先阅读题干，然后根据问题按照题目顺序有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息，再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号入座；如果问题与原文不同，则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。

2.补全成分法：省略词和省略句在应用文中大量出现。对于影响语境理解的省略情况，应将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解其意思。

3.信息再加工法：主要用于词义或句意推测题以及涉及数字转换的推理判断题。需要对原文相关信息作正确理解，并通过推理判断或计算对信息进行再加工。

V 生态环保类

高考题中，常见的热门题材主要有：人与自然的和谐发展，人与自然的生态现状和未来发展，环保的生活方式，生态旅游，生态农业等。

考生在平时学习中要有关注热点环保题材的意识，把握环保新潮流，留心相关题材的文章特点，这样在做这类题时才会得心应手。

VI 史地常识类

史地常识类文章通常介绍历史事件、异域风光等。在选材方面，多选择说英语的国家的主要名胜历史事件等。在设题方面，通常以细节题为主，同时也有一定的主观推断题。命题的形式通常多样，可能涉及图表题、数字计算题、排序题、表格题等。

对此类试题，要特别注意积累与西方社会的风土人情、社交活动、风俗习惯及历史事件有关的专业英语常识。平时养成读书看报的习惯，勤于积累，提高文化素质，掌握已经考过的英语常识试题，在此基础上，进一步丰富常识。此外，要掌握必要的解题技巧，考生可运用英语学科知识，联系有关的历史地理知识，从材料中抓住关键词，获取和解读有效信息，分析历史、地理试题的内涵和外延，并结合选项进行甄别、筛选，做出综合思考和理性的判断，从而选出最符合题意要求的选项。

VII 新闻报道类

新闻报道类文章都具有时代性，材料反映当代社会的某个方面。新闻报道类文章要点突出，主题鲜明；一般来说，看文章的首段或者首句便可知全文的主要内容，如时间、地点、人物等；新闻报道类文章清楚地告知读者when，where，who，what，how等内容。

1.泛读各类文章，积累背景知识。做阅读时，背景知识对阅读理解水平有着重要的影响。因此，考生对文章内容的熟悉程度有时要比其本身的语言水平更重要。所以考生在复习迎考时，要有针对性地选读一些有关各学科知识的文章，留意各类评论性文章，增加一些背景知识，有意识地强化记忆有关词汇，以便能理解考试中将会遇到的各种内容的文章，从而达到事半功倍的效果。

2.重视文章的首段、首句。一般来说，根据文章第一段或者仅仅根据第一句话便可知全文的主要内容，如事件、时间、地点、人物等。

3.在阅读中要忽略人名、地名，不要被这些专有名词弄乱自己的思路和情绪，但要理清地点的位置及人物之间的关系

4.做题时要先读问题，再读文章，之后再回归问题。

往期推荐

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